Management of stage II/III rectal cancer.

Pelvic and distant recurrences in rectal cancer can be associated with substantial morbidity, and patients with stage II and III disease are at increased risk for both local and distant failure when compared to patients with earlier stage disease. Refinement of surgical techniques have helped to reduce the risk of recurrence, and adjuvant therapies such as radiation to the tumor and regional lymph nodes and 5-fluorouracil-based systemic therapies have helped to further provide local control and may have an impact on overall survival. Numerous studies have been completed internationally in an effort to determine the optimal treatment regimen for this patient population. The importance of pre-therapy staging is of key importance as sequencing of therapy appears to significantly impact outcome. In the United States, patients with stage II/III rectal cancer are recommended to undergo preoperative concurrent pelvic radiation and chemotherapy followed by surgery several weeks later in order to maximize treatment response, which is then followed by approximately 4 months of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based systemic therapy. In Europe, there is substantial evidence supporting the use of neoadjuvant radiation therapy, however the role of concurrent chemotherapy remains a question of debate. Regardless of definitive management strategy, close follow-up in the post-treatment setting is important for early tumor detection and for managing treatment-related side-effects.