BACKGROUND: Performing bedside clinical recommendations is important for the prevention of adverse drug events. From an economic perspective, the economic value of adverse drug event avoidance needs to be weighed against the labour costs of pharmacists. OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost analysis of pharmacist interventions with valproic acid, digoxin, methotrexate and penicillin. SETTING: Ghent University Hospital in Belgium (1,062-beds). METHOD: Interventions for valproic acid, digoxin, methotrexate and penicillin were selected from a clinical pharmacy database, CLINOR. The average number of registered interventions per year was 1,209 (period 2005-mid 2011). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Cost difference (cost value) between that of the avoided toxicity and that of the intervention (a positive cost value is cost saving). RESULTS: Per annum, pharmacists performed interventions for valproic acid (n = 18) and digoxin (n = 21); the annual cost value of interventions for valproic acid was €18,853.7 with a standard deviation of €15,020.6; for digoxin it was €41,832.0 ± €15,348.5. With oral methotrexate, accidental toxicity occurs rarely but it can be life threatening. Two important pharmacist interventions were reported per year. The routine switching of penicillin therapy to alternative antibiotics, in patients with previous allergy, may invoke costs rather than benefits (two interventions per year). In half of cases, therapy was reinitiated without any further adverse drug event. CONCLUSION: Clinically important pharmacy interventions are not automatically cost beneficial. Interventions that prevent digoxin and valproic acid toxicity were cost effective in this setting. The routine advice to switch the antibiotic class for every reported penicillin allergy is unlikely to avoid adverse drug events and challenges the cost value of this intervention. Interventions with methotrexate are relevant because they can be lifesaving. However, due to their low incidence, effective detection of these errors is crucial for reducing harm.
BACKGROUND: Performing bedside clinical recommendations is important for the prevention of adverse drug events. From an economic perspective, the economic value of adverse drug event avoidance needs to be weighed against the labour costs of pharmacists. OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost analysis of pharmacist interventions with valproic acid, digoxin, methotrexate and penicillin. SETTING: Ghent University Hospital in Belgium (1,062-beds). METHOD: Interventions for valproic acid, digoxin, methotrexate and penicillin were selected from a clinical pharmacy database, CLINOR. The average number of registered interventions per year was 1,209 (period 2005-mid 2011). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Cost difference (cost value) between that of the avoided toxicity and that of the intervention (a positive cost value is cost saving). RESULTS: Per annum, pharmacists performed interventions for valproic acid (n = 18) and digoxin (n = 21); the annual cost value of interventions for valproic acid was €18,853.7 with a standard deviation of €15,020.6; for digoxin it was €41,832.0 ± €15,348.5. With oral methotrexate, accidental toxicity occurs rarely but it can be life threatening. Two important pharmacist interventions were reported per year. The routine switching of penicillin therapy to alternative antibiotics, in patients with previous allergy, may invoke costs rather than benefits (two interventions per year). In half of cases, therapy was reinitiated without any further adverse drug event. CONCLUSION: Clinically important pharmacy interventions are not automatically cost beneficial. Interventions that prevent digoxin and valproic acidtoxicity were cost effective in this setting. The routine advice to switch the antibiotic class for every reported penicillinallergy is unlikely to avoid adverse drug events and challenges the cost value of this intervention. Interventions with methotrexate are relevant because they can be lifesaving. However, due to their low incidence, effective detection of these errors is crucial for reducing harm.
Authors: Glen T Schumock; Melissa G Butler; Patrick D Meek; Lee C Vermeulen; Bhakti V Arondekar; Jerry L Bauman Journal: Pharmacotherapy Date: 2003-01 Impact factor: 4.705
Authors: Jonathan Karnon; Aileen McIntosh; Joanne Dean; Peter Bath; Allen Hutchinson; Jeremy Oakley; Nicky Thomas; Peter Pratt; Louise Freeman-Parry; Ben-Tzion Karsh; Tejal Gandhi; Paul Tappenden Journal: J Health Serv Res Policy Date: 2008-04
Authors: H A Spiller; E P Krenzelok; W Klein-Schwartz; M L Winter; J A Weber; D R Sollee; S A Bangh; J R Griffith Journal: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol Date: 2000