Surface geometry, miniaturization and metrology.

Ultra-precision engineering has at its core the size, shape and texture of the components used. This study examines how the relationship between them and their role is changing with respect to manufacture, function and characterization, with particular emphasis on aspects of miniaturization and ultra-precision engineering. Surface geometry has traditionally been linked to the generation of part size. This is changing: the study shows that it is now possible to separate shape and texture from the size generation and to design them independently for function. In addition, with miniaturization, the roles and properties of shape and texture that affect performance change considerably, especially those tribological functions involving contact and flow. This study reveals these changes and shows how the characterization of the surfaces making up a surface system can take these into account.