Alcohol and cardiovascular disease: still unresolved underlying mechanisms.

Alcoholic (ethanol-containing) beverages are consumed by most societies in the world. Low-to-moderate levels of ethanol consumption have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. The decreased risk is likely due to alcohol's favorable pleiotropic effects on lipids, adhesion molecules, platelet activation and oxidative stress. However, there is also an abundance of clinical, experimental and epidemiological evidence showing that chronic high-dose ethanol consumption increases mortality, cardiovascular complications and also the progression of atherosclerosis. This last phenomenon appears to be due to the metabolism of ethanol, that leads to the formation of acetaldehyde, which is oxidized to acetate, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a toxic effect of ethanol on the formation of the atherosclerosis plaque. We will here briefly review the mechanisms through which high intakes of ethanol induce the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, focusing on increased oxidative stress as the main underlying mechanism.