Prolongation of oxidative stress by long-lived reactive protein species induced by X-ray radiation and their genotoxic action.

The formation of long-lived reactive protein species of bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin, casein and casein hydrolyzate with a half-life of 3-5 hours was shown using chemiluminescence induced by X-ray radiation. It was found that long-lived reactive protein species are capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H₂O₂, OH(•), HO₂(•)¹O₂) in the aquatic environment over a long period of time in vitro. The interaction of X-ray-irradiated BSA with DNA in vitro led to the formation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine), a biomarker of oxidative damage to DNA. Some natural antioxidants are effective scavengers of ROS (inosine, tryptophan, methionine and ascorbate). They protect DNA from the action of long-lived reactive protein species leading to ROS generation and the formation of 8-oxoguanine. The intravenous injection of X-ray radiation-induced, long-lived reactive protein species to rats, as well as the peroral and intraperitoneal administration of these products to mice, gave rise to cytogenetic injuries in the cells of their red bone marrow through the formation of micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes. The administration of the same natural antioxidants used for in vitro experiments soon after irradiation made it possible to effectively eliminate the genotoxic action of oxidative stress caused by radiation-induced, long-lived reactive protein species. Our data represent clear evidence that the oxidative damage to proteins induced by X-rays is directly involved in the induction of a response to DNA damage in rodents.