Direct effects of triiodothyronine on production of anterior pituitary hormones and gonadal steroids in goldfish.

The present study investigated the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) on pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) subunits, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) β subunit, and growth hormone (GH) mRNA levels, as well as gonadal steroid secretion during different stages of reproduction in goldfish. Goldfish pituitary cells cultured with T3 exhibited lower tshβ mRNA levels in all reproductive stages and lower luteinising hormone β (lhβ) mRNA levels in early recrudescence, whereas gh and fshβ mRNA levels were not altered. T3 injections significantly reduced circulating oestrogen (OE2) concentrations in early and mid recrudescent male goldfish, but were without effect on the circulating level of OE2 in female fish. T3 injections also reduced circulating levels of testosterone in both male and female goldfish during the mid stage of gonadal recrudescence. In vitro culture of goldfish ovarian follicles at the late stage of gonadal recrudescence, in the presence of T3, resulted in reduced OE2 secretion; no consistent effect of T3 on testosterone secretion was observed in cultured goldfish ovarian follicles and testis. These findings support the hypothesis that T3 impairs reproduction by inhibiting production of gonadal steroids and pituitary luteinising hormone production in goldfish.