Antioxidative properties of paraoxonase 2 in intestinal epithelial cells.

Paraoxonase (PON) family members seem central to a wide variety of human illnesses, but appreciation of their antioxidative function in the gastrointestinal tract is in its infancy. The major objective of the present work is to highlight the role of the ubiquitously expressed PON2 in the small intestine. With use of pLKO lentiviral vector containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus, PON2 expression was knocked down in intestinal Caco-2/15 cells, where antioxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and degree of inflammation were evaluated. As a consequence of PON2 inactivation in the epithelial cells, we observed 1) imbalanced primary and secondary antioxidative responses, characterized by increased superoxide dismutases and decreased catalase, 2) high concentrations of H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde, along with low glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide ratio, 3) upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression after induction of oxidative stress, and 4) raised level of the activation of transcription factor NF-κB, which was likely implicated in exacerbation of the inflammatory activation. These results suggest that PON2 is involved in the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells.