Seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in sewage sludge.

The seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in Lancaster's sewage sludge was studied over a 21 month period. The numbers in fresh sludge (from primary sedimentation) vary between approximately 200 and 5000/100 ml for most of the year but there was a large increase in May and June (in May 1988 there were 42,100 campylobacters/100 ml which is 17 times more than in the preceding April). In 1989 there was a similar May/June peak but with lower numbers. This seasonal variation, measured by environmental monitoring, reflects the incidence of infections in the community. The same pattern was found in 2-d old sludge but the numbers were substantially lower (40% lower over the experimental period). Thermophilic campylobacters were virtually absent from digested sludge and sludge prior to land distribution. Survival experiments confirm that campylobacters survive for only a few hours in both sterile and unsterile digested and undigested sludge. These results suggest that it is safe to dispose of Lancaster's digested sludge on land but there is still uncertainty about the ability of campylobacters to survive in sludge in the viable but non-culturable form.