| Literature DB >> 22719609 |
Na-Bo Sun, Guo-Wu Rao, Qun Shen.
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(8)H(14)N(6)O(2), contains two independent mol-ecules. In one mol-ecule, theEntities:
Year: 2012 PMID: 22719609 PMCID: PMC3379411 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812022519
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| C8H14N6O2 | |
| Triclinic, | |
| Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo |
| Cell parameters from 2161 reflections | |
| θ = 2.4–26.0° | |
| µ = 0.10 mm−1 | |
| α = 118.386 (2)° | |
| β = 101.701 (3)° | Block, colourless |
| γ = 99.494 (3)° | 0.34 × 0.30 × 0.15 mm |
| Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer | 3809 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 3178 reflections with |
| Graphite monochromator | |
| φ and ω scans | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 1.9° |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan ( | |
| 5571 measured reflections |
| Refinement on | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
| H-atom parameters constrained | |
| (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 | |
| 3809 reflections | Δρmax = 0.17 e Å−3 |
| 298 parameters | Δρmin = −0.19 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints | Extinction correction: |
| Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.028 (2) |
| Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
| Refinement. Refinement of |
| O2 | 0.65578 (15) | 1.05745 (12) | 0.47718 (12) | 0.0481 (3) | |
| O4 | 0.89425 (15) | 0.52517 (12) | 0.38657 (12) | 0.0485 (3) | |
| O3 | 1.24324 (16) | 0.92428 (15) | 1.04950 (13) | 0.0591 (4) | |
| O1 | 0.31715 (16) | 0.38004 (14) | 0.09001 (15) | 0.0624 (4) | |
| N11 | 1.11229 (17) | 0.83375 (14) | 0.67258 (14) | 0.0413 (4) | |
| N5 | 0.42071 (17) | 0.76464 (15) | 0.18158 (14) | 0.0428 (4) | |
| N8 | 0.90988 (17) | 0.73177 (15) | 0.76534 (14) | 0.0441 (4) | |
| N1 | 0.48121 (17) | 0.59229 (14) | 0.19776 (14) | 0.0427 (4) | |
| N4 | 0.54445 (17) | 0.84531 (14) | 0.30278 (14) | 0.0408 (4) | |
| N2 | 0.64314 (17) | 0.67031 (15) | 0.26959 (15) | 0.0456 (4) | |
| N10 | 0.99591 (17) | 0.70658 (13) | 0.59312 (13) | 0.0401 (4) | |
| N7 | 1.06880 (17) | 0.81490 (15) | 0.84255 (14) | 0.0424 (4) | |
| C5 | 0.5569 (2) | 0.98150 (17) | 0.36969 (17) | 0.0389 (4) | |
| C9 | 0.8816 (2) | 0.67574 (17) | 0.64282 (17) | 0.0389 (4) | |
| N12 | 1.10612 (19) | 0.69002 (15) | 0.43553 (14) | 0.0459 (4) | |
| H12 | 1.1731 | 0.7660 | 0.4950 | 0.055* | |
| C12 | 1.1485 (2) | 0.88147 (16) | 0.79504 (16) | 0.0378 (4) | |
| N3 | 0.57057 (19) | 0.42708 (15) | 0.20694 (15) | 0.0479 (4) | |
| H3 | 0.6588 | 0.4886 | 0.2591 | 0.058* | |
| C4 | 0.4495 (2) | 0.45756 (18) | 0.15889 (17) | 0.0432 (4) | |
| N6 | 0.45245 (19) | 1.01525 (15) | 0.30820 (15) | 0.0470 (4) | |
| H6 | 0.3919 | 0.9577 | 0.2297 | 0.056* | |
| N9 | 0.99787 (19) | 0.79818 (17) | 1.00444 (15) | 0.0511 (4) | |
| H9 | 0.9073 | 0.7470 | 0.9458 | 0.061* | |
| C14 | 0.9928 (2) | 0.63353 (17) | 0.46360 (16) | 0.0379 (4) | |
| C3 | 0.6682 (2) | 0.79506 (18) | 0.32349 (17) | 0.0408 (4) | |
| C13 | 1.1104 (2) | 0.85187 (18) | 0.97372 (17) | 0.0425 (4) | |
| C6 | 0.3891 (2) | 0.64048 (18) | 0.13459 (17) | 0.0394 (4) | |
| C10 | 0.7187 (2) | 0.5826 (2) | 0.55809 (19) | 0.0531 (5) | |
| H10A | 0.6737 | 0.6075 | 0.4987 | 0.080* | |
| H10B | 0.6527 | 0.5861 | 0.6110 | 0.080* | |
| H10C | 0.7249 | 0.4941 | 0.5100 | 0.080* | |
| C11 | 1.2743 (2) | 1.01175 (18) | 0.88275 (18) | 0.0505 (5) | |
| H11A | 1.2369 | 1.0699 | 0.9493 | 0.076* | |
| H11B | 1.2985 | 1.0501 | 0.8334 | 0.076* | |
| H11C | 1.3685 | 0.9993 | 0.9221 | 0.076* | |
| C1 | 0.8344 (2) | 0.88257 (19) | 0.4028 (2) | 0.0555 (5) | |
| H1A | 0.8627 | 0.9432 | 0.3753 | 0.083* | |
| H1B | 0.9055 | 0.8296 | 0.3914 | 0.083* | |
| H1C | 0.8422 | 0.9314 | 0.4929 | 0.083* | |
| C2 | 0.2535 (2) | 0.5519 (2) | 0.01109 (18) | 0.0531 (5) | |
| H2A | 0.2876 | 0.4846 | −0.0507 | 0.080* | |
| H2B | 0.2182 | 0.6029 | −0.0235 | 0.080* | |
| H2C | 0.1676 | 0.5110 | 0.0279 | 0.080* | |
| C15 | 1.0255 (3) | 0.8246 (2) | 1.13515 (19) | 0.0585 (6) | |
| H15A | 0.9317 | 0.7778 | 1.1395 | 0.088* | |
| H15B | 1.0496 | 0.9179 | 1.1949 | 0.088* | |
| H15C | 1.1133 | 0.7955 | 1.1578 | 0.088* | |
| C7 | 0.5575 (3) | 0.29262 (19) | 0.1735 (2) | 0.0622 (6) | |
| H7A | 0.6410 | 0.2931 | 0.2361 | 0.093* | |
| H7B | 0.5669 | 0.2428 | 0.0886 | 0.093* | |
| H7C | 0.4561 | 0.2527 | 0.1736 | 0.093* | |
| C8 | 0.4394 (3) | 1.1471 (2) | 0.3715 (2) | 0.0615 (6) | |
| H8A | 0.3507 | 1.1515 | 0.3172 | 0.092* | |
| H8B | 0.5354 | 1.2086 | 0.3867 | 0.092* | |
| H8C | 0.4235 | 1.1694 | 0.4530 | 0.092* | |
| C16 | 1.1183 (3) | 0.6249 (2) | 0.30563 (19) | 0.0606 (6) | |
| H16A | 1.2061 | 0.6797 | 0.3028 | 0.091* | |
| H16B | 1.0215 | 0.6108 | 0.2444 | 0.091* | |
| H16C | 1.1354 | 0.5413 | 0.2838 | 0.091* |
| O2 | 0.0450 (7) | 0.0421 (7) | 0.0381 (7) | 0.0013 (6) | 0.0023 (6) | 0.0150 (6) |
| O4 | 0.0481 (8) | 0.0373 (7) | 0.0384 (7) | 0.0026 (6) | 0.0046 (6) | 0.0109 (6) |
| O3 | 0.0435 (8) | 0.0760 (10) | 0.0429 (8) | −0.0041 (7) | −0.0020 (6) | 0.0335 (8) |
| O1 | 0.0390 (8) | 0.0510 (8) | 0.0730 (10) | −0.0083 (7) | −0.0028 (7) | 0.0297 (8) |
| N11 | 0.0412 (9) | 0.0335 (8) | 0.0358 (8) | 0.0004 (6) | 0.0062 (7) | 0.0142 (7) |
| N5 | 0.0354 (8) | 0.0437 (9) | 0.0340 (8) | 0.0057 (7) | 0.0019 (7) | 0.0148 (7) |
| N8 | 0.0333 (8) | 0.0458 (9) | 0.0382 (9) | 0.0007 (7) | 0.0040 (7) | 0.0176 (7) |
| N1 | 0.0308 (8) | 0.0387 (8) | 0.0433 (9) | 0.0011 (6) | 0.0026 (7) | 0.0170 (7) |
| N4 | 0.0337 (8) | 0.0375 (8) | 0.0354 (8) | 0.0039 (6) | 0.0007 (6) | 0.0139 (7) |
| N2 | 0.0311 (8) | 0.0403 (9) | 0.0478 (9) | 0.0012 (7) | −0.0003 (7) | 0.0183 (7) |
| N10 | 0.0405 (8) | 0.0330 (8) | 0.0312 (8) | −0.0004 (6) | 0.0054 (6) | 0.0114 (6) |
| N7 | 0.0351 (8) | 0.0463 (9) | 0.0337 (8) | 0.0013 (7) | 0.0041 (6) | 0.0184 (7) |
| C5 | 0.0347 (9) | 0.0410 (10) | 0.0344 (10) | 0.0026 (8) | 0.0086 (8) | 0.0189 (8) |
| C9 | 0.0371 (10) | 0.0357 (9) | 0.0355 (10) | 0.0080 (8) | 0.0059 (8) | 0.0157 (8) |
| N12 | 0.0478 (9) | 0.0414 (8) | 0.0337 (8) | 0.0040 (7) | 0.0104 (7) | 0.0130 (7) |
| C12 | 0.0356 (9) | 0.0359 (9) | 0.0345 (10) | 0.0071 (7) | 0.0074 (8) | 0.0157 (8) |
| N3 | 0.0419 (9) | 0.0375 (8) | 0.0465 (9) | 0.0002 (7) | −0.0005 (7) | 0.0184 (7) |
| C4 | 0.0376 (10) | 0.0399 (10) | 0.0386 (10) | −0.0003 (8) | 0.0084 (8) | 0.0162 (8) |
| N6 | 0.0510 (10) | 0.0433 (9) | 0.0371 (8) | 0.0113 (7) | 0.0055 (7) | 0.0184 (7) |
| N9 | 0.0410 (9) | 0.0636 (11) | 0.0379 (9) | 0.0014 (8) | 0.0068 (7) | 0.0257 (8) |
| C14 | 0.0378 (10) | 0.0345 (9) | 0.0340 (9) | 0.0101 (8) | 0.0042 (8) | 0.0158 (8) |
| C3 | 0.0355 (10) | 0.0417 (10) | 0.0388 (10) | 0.0050 (8) | 0.0065 (8) | 0.0206 (8) |
| C13 | 0.0381 (10) | 0.0469 (11) | 0.0361 (10) | 0.0085 (8) | 0.0051 (8) | 0.0211 (9) |
| C6 | 0.0315 (9) | 0.0438 (10) | 0.0340 (9) | 0.0060 (8) | 0.0092 (7) | 0.0162 (8) |
| C10 | 0.0392 (11) | 0.0532 (12) | 0.0458 (11) | 0.0014 (9) | 0.0072 (9) | 0.0170 (10) |
| C11 | 0.0526 (12) | 0.0416 (10) | 0.0386 (10) | −0.0013 (9) | 0.0072 (9) | 0.0152 (9) |
| C1 | 0.0326 (10) | 0.0471 (11) | 0.0675 (14) | 0.0022 (9) | −0.0023 (9) | 0.0262 (10) |
| C2 | 0.0467 (12) | 0.0517 (12) | 0.0385 (11) | 0.0049 (9) | 0.0006 (9) | 0.0155 (9) |
| C15 | 0.0535 (13) | 0.0769 (15) | 0.0432 (11) | 0.0097 (11) | 0.0124 (10) | 0.0345 (11) |
| C7 | 0.0627 (14) | 0.0434 (11) | 0.0638 (14) | 0.0043 (10) | 0.0048 (11) | 0.0257 (11) |
| C8 | 0.0726 (15) | 0.0491 (12) | 0.0582 (13) | 0.0209 (11) | 0.0138 (12) | 0.0271 (11) |
| C16 | 0.0711 (15) | 0.0603 (13) | 0.0410 (11) | 0.0120 (11) | 0.0205 (11) | 0.0215 (10) |
| O2—C5 | 1.221 (2) | N6—H6 | 0.8600 |
| O4—C14 | 1.221 (2) | N9—C13 | 1.327 (2) |
| O3—C13 | 1.221 (2) | N9—C15 | 1.447 (2) |
| O1—C4 | 1.217 (2) | N9—H9 | 0.8600 |
| N11—C12 | 1.280 (2) | C3—C1 | 1.487 (2) |
| N11—N10 | 1.4251 (19) | C6—C2 | 1.491 (2) |
| N5—C6 | 1.274 (2) | C10—H10A | 0.9600 |
| N5—N4 | 1.418 (2) | C10—H10B | 0.9600 |
| N8—C9 | 1.276 (2) | C10—H10C | 0.9600 |
| N8—N7 | 1.423 (2) | C11—H11A | 0.9600 |
| N1—C6 | 1.400 (2) | C11—H11B | 0.9600 |
| N1—C4 | 1.413 (2) | C11—H11C | 0.9600 |
| N1—N2 | 1.423 (2) | C1—H1A | 0.9600 |
| N4—C3 | 1.388 (2) | C1—H1B | 0.9600 |
| N4—C5 | 1.414 (2) | C1—H1C | 0.9600 |
| N2—C3 | 1.276 (2) | C2—H2A | 0.9600 |
| N10—C9 | 1.386 (2) | C2—H2B | 0.9600 |
| N10—C14 | 1.404 (2) | C2—H2C | 0.9600 |
| N7—C12 | 1.390 (2) | C15—H15A | 0.9600 |
| N7—C13 | 1.406 (2) | C15—H15B | 0.9600 |
| C5—N6 | 1.325 (2) | C15—H15C | 0.9600 |
| C9—C10 | 1.491 (2) | C7—H7A | 0.9600 |
| N12—C14 | 1.328 (2) | C7—H7B | 0.9600 |
| N12—C16 | 1.451 (2) | C7—H7C | 0.9600 |
| N12—H12 | 0.8600 | C8—H8A | 0.9600 |
| C12—C11 | 1.489 (2) | C8—H8B | 0.9600 |
| N3—C4 | 1.323 (2) | C8—H8C | 0.9600 |
| N3—C7 | 1.445 (2) | C16—H16A | 0.9600 |
| N3—H3 | 0.8600 | C16—H16B | 0.9600 |
| N6—C8 | 1.437 (3) | C16—H16C | 0.9600 |
| C12—N11—N10 | 114.96 (14) | N5—C6—C2 | 117.15 (17) |
| C6—N5—N4 | 115.19 (15) | N1—C6—C2 | 122.75 (16) |
| C9—N8—N7 | 115.02 (15) | C9—C10—H10A | 109.5 |
| C6—N1—C4 | 124.52 (15) | C9—C10—H10B | 109.5 |
| C6—N1—N2 | 116.29 (14) | H10A—C10—H10B | 109.5 |
| C4—N1—N2 | 114.69 (14) | C9—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
| C3—N4—C5 | 124.12 (14) | H10A—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
| C3—N4—N5 | 116.73 (14) | H10B—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
| C5—N4—N5 | 115.63 (14) | C12—C11—H11A | 109.5 |
| C3—N2—N1 | 114.98 (15) | C12—C11—H11B | 109.5 |
| C9—N10—C14 | 125.66 (14) | H11A—C11—H11B | 109.5 |
| C9—N10—N11 | 117.72 (13) | C12—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
| C14—N10—N11 | 115.71 (14) | H11A—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
| C12—N7—C13 | 124.70 (15) | H11B—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
| C12—N7—N8 | 117.36 (14) | C3—C1—H1A | 109.5 |
| C13—N7—N8 | 114.98 (14) | C3—C1—H1B | 109.5 |
| O2—C5—N6 | 124.99 (17) | H1A—C1—H1B | 109.5 |
| O2—C5—N4 | 120.13 (16) | C3—C1—H1C | 109.5 |
| N6—C5—N4 | 114.86 (15) | H1A—C1—H1C | 109.5 |
| N8—C9—N10 | 120.67 (16) | H1B—C1—H1C | 109.5 |
| N8—C9—C10 | 116.79 (17) | C6—C2—H2A | 109.5 |
| N10—C9—C10 | 122.46 (16) | C6—C2—H2B | 109.5 |
| C14—N12—C16 | 120.73 (16) | H2A—C2—H2B | 109.5 |
| C14—N12—H12 | 119.6 | C6—C2—H2C | 109.5 |
| C16—N12—H12 | 119.6 | H2A—C2—H2C | 109.5 |
| N11—C12—N7 | 120.50 (15) | H2B—C2—H2C | 109.5 |
| N11—C12—C11 | 117.34 (16) | N9—C15—H15A | 109.5 |
| N7—C12—C11 | 122.13 (15) | N9—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
| C4—N3—C7 | 121.39 (16) | H15A—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
| C4—N3—H3 | 119.3 | N9—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C7—N3—H3 | 119.3 | H15A—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| O1—C4—N3 | 124.76 (18) | H15B—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| O1—C4—N1 | 120.22 (17) | N3—C7—H7A | 109.5 |
| N3—C4—N1 | 114.97 (15) | N3—C7—H7B | 109.5 |
| C5—N6—C8 | 120.58 (16) | H7A—C7—H7B | 109.5 |
| C5—N6—H6 | 119.7 | N3—C7—H7C | 109.5 |
| C8—N6—H6 | 119.7 | H7A—C7—H7C | 109.5 |
| C13—N9—C15 | 120.93 (16) | H7B—C7—H7C | 109.5 |
| C13—N9—H9 | 119.5 | N6—C8—H8A | 109.5 |
| C15—N9—H9 | 119.5 | N6—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
| O4—C14—N12 | 124.41 (16) | H8A—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
| O4—C14—N10 | 120.80 (16) | N6—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
| N12—C14—N10 | 114.76 (15) | H8A—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
| N2—C3—N4 | 120.34 (16) | H8B—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
| N2—C3—C1 | 117.75 (17) | N12—C16—H16A | 109.5 |
| N4—C3—C1 | 121.85 (16) | N12—C16—H16B | 109.5 |
| O3—C13—N9 | 124.37 (17) | H16A—C16—H16B | 109.5 |
| O3—C13—N7 | 120.74 (17) | N12—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
| N9—C13—N7 | 114.83 (16) | H16A—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
| N5—C6—N1 | 120.09 (15) | H16B—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
| C6—N5—N4—C3 | 33.9 (2) | C6—N1—C4—N3 | 162.35 (16) |
| C6—N5—N4—C5 | −166.36 (15) | N2—N1—C4—N3 | 7.1 (2) |
| C6—N1—N2—C3 | 33.9 (2) | O2—C5—N6—C8 | −5.5 (3) |
| C4—N1—N2—C3 | −168.75 (16) | N4—C5—N6—C8 | 172.64 (16) |
| C12—N11—N10—C9 | 31.0 (2) | C16—N12—C14—O4 | 1.3 (3) |
| C12—N11—N10—C14 | −159.33 (16) | C16—N12—C14—N10 | 179.32 (17) |
| C9—N8—N7—C12 | 32.6 (2) | C9—N10—C14—O4 | −8.9 (3) |
| C9—N8—N7—C13 | −165.91 (16) | N11—N10—C14—O4 | −177.71 (15) |
| C3—N4—C5—O2 | −25.0 (3) | C9—N10—C14—N12 | 172.96 (16) |
| N5—N4—C5—O2 | 176.99 (15) | N11—N10—C14—N12 | 4.2 (2) |
| C3—N4—C5—N6 | 156.80 (16) | N1—N2—C3—N4 | −4.4 (2) |
| N5—N4—C5—N6 | −1.2 (2) | N1—N2—C3—C1 | 178.52 (17) |
| N7—N8—C9—N10 | −6.1 (2) | C5—N4—C3—N2 | 172.45 (16) |
| N7—N8—C9—C10 | 177.08 (15) | N5—N4—C3—N2 | −29.7 (2) |
| C14—N10—C9—N8 | 165.74 (17) | C5—N4—C3—C1 | −10.6 (3) |
| N11—N10—C9—N8 | −25.7 (2) | N5—N4—C3—C1 | 147.23 (18) |
| C14—N10—C9—C10 | −17.6 (3) | C15—N9—C13—O3 | 1.0 (3) |
| N11—N10—C9—C10 | 150.96 (17) | C15—N9—C13—N7 | 178.38 (17) |
| N10—N11—C12—N7 | −4.4 (2) | C12—N7—C13—O3 | −19.3 (3) |
| N10—N11—C12—C11 | 177.61 (16) | N8—N7—C13—O3 | −179.19 (17) |
| C13—N7—C12—N11 | 173.17 (17) | C12—N7—C13—N9 | 163.24 (17) |
| N8—N7—C12—N11 | −27.3 (2) | N8—N7—C13—N9 | 3.3 (2) |
| C13—N7—C12—C11 | −8.9 (3) | N4—N5—C6—N1 | −4.2 (2) |
| N8—N7—C12—C11 | 150.58 (17) | N4—N5—C6—C2 | 176.52 (15) |
| C7—N3—C4—O1 | 4.1 (3) | C4—N1—C6—N5 | 175.41 (16) |
| C7—N3—C4—N1 | −178.51 (17) | N2—N1—C6—N5 | −29.7 (2) |
| C6—N1—C4—O1 | −20.2 (3) | C4—N1—C6—C2 | −5.3 (3) |
| N2—N1—C4—O1 | −175.36 (16) | N2—N1—C6—C2 | 149.51 (17) |
| H··· | ||||
| N3—H3···N2 | 0.86 | 2.16 | 2.572 (2) | 108 |
| N6—H6···N5 | 0.86 | 2.19 | 2.586 (2) | 108 |
| N9—H9···N8 | 0.86 | 2.15 | 2.567 (2) | 109 |
| N12—H12···N11 | 0.86 | 2.17 | 2.581 (2) | 109 |
| N3—H3···O4 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 2.925 (2) | 142 |
| N6—H6···O3i | 0.86 | 2.16 | 2.918 (2) | 146 |
| N9—H9···O1ii | 0.86 | 2.14 | 2.877 (3) | 143 |
| N12—H12···O2iii | 0.86 | 2.24 | 2.967 (3) | 142 |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
| H⋯ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N3—H3⋯N2 | 0.86 | 2.16 | 2.572 (2) | 108 |
| N6—H6⋯N5 | 0.86 | 2.19 | 2.586 (2) | 108 |
| N9—H9⋯N8 | 0.86 | 2.15 | 2.567 (2) | 109 |
| N12—H12⋯N11 | 0.86 | 2.17 | 2.581 (2) | 109 |
| N3—H3⋯O4 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 2.925 (2) | 142 |
| N6—H6⋯O3i | 0.86 | 2.16 | 2.918 (2) | 146 |
| N9—H9⋯O1ii | 0.86 | 2.14 | 2.877 (3) | 143 |
| N12—H12⋯O2iii | 0.86 | 2.24 | 2.967 (3) | 142 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .