EMBRYONIC FACTOR 31 encodes a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase that is essential for seed development.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) involve the process of catalyzing the ligation of specific amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. Here we identified an Arabidopsis mutant embryonic factor 31 (fac31), its embryos arrested at development from one cell to globular stage. The FAC31 gene was identified by positional cloning and confirmed by a genetic complementation test with two independent T-DNA insertion lines and transgenic rescue with full-length genomic DNA. FAC31 encodes a Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and localize to mitochondria and cytoplasm. Fac31 mutants contain a point mutation from CAA to a stop codon TAA which may lead to a truncated protein. The phenotype of fac31 mutants are very similar to the T-DNA insertion lines Salk_016722 and Salk_045570 displayed smaller embryo sac contains only less number of endosperm nucleolus. Genetic analysis showed that the FAC31 gene had no parental effects through the transmission of mutated FAC31 gene by gametes. FAC31 is a high-conserved protein among animals and plants. RT-PCR analysis and promoter-GUS expression showed that it is expressed in nearly all tissues tested, strongly expressed in meristem of seedlings, the primordium of lateral root, young inflorescences, mature pollen, germinated pollen tubes and embryo sacs before heart stage. Our findings suggest that FAC31 is essential for the seed development through regulation the expanding of embryo sac and proliferation of endosperm nucleolus.