New systematic assignments in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores).

As part of an ongoing revision of the family Gonyleptidae, we have identified many species that are synonyms of previously described species or misplaced in this family. This article summarizes these findings, adding previously unavailable information or correcting imprecise observations to justify the presented taxonomic changes. THE FOLLOWING NEW FAMILIAL OR SUBFAMILIAL ASSIGNMENTS ARE PROPOSED: Nemastygnus Roewer, 1929 and Taulisa Roewer, 1956 are transferred to Agoristenidae, Agoristeninae; Napostygnus Roewer, 1929 to Cranaidae; Ceropachylinus peruvianus Roewer, 1956 and Pirunipygus Roewer, 1936 are transferred to Gonyleptidae, Ampycinae; Gyndesops Roewer, 1943, Haversia Roewer, 1913 and Oxapampeus Roewer, 1963 are transferred to Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae. The following generic synonymies are proposed for the family Gonyleptidae: Acanthogonyleptes Mello-Leitão, 1922 = Centroleptes Roewer, 1943; Acrographinotus Roewer, 1929 = Unduavius Roewer, 1929; Gonyleptes Kirby, 1819 = Collonychium Bertkau, 1880; Mischonyx Bertkau, 1880 = Eugonyleptes Roewer, 1913 and Gonazula Roewer, 1930; Parampheres Roewer, 1913 = Metapachyloides Roewer, 1917; Pseudopucrolia Roewer, 1912 = Meteusarcus Roewer, 1913; Haversia Roewer, 1913 = Hoggellula Roewer, 1930. The following specific synonymies are proposed for the family Gonyleptidae: Acanthogonyleptes singularis (Mello-Leitão, 1935) = Centroleptes flavus Roewer, 1943, syn. n.; Geraeocormobius sylvarum Holmberg, 1887 = Discocyrtus serrifemur Roewer, 1943, syn. n.; Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884) = Gonyleptes cancellatus Roewer,1917, syn. n.; Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923 = Weyhia brieni Giltay, 1928, syn. n.; Gonyleptes fragilis Mello-Leitão, 1923 = Gonyleptes banana Kury, 2003, syn. n.; Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819 = Collonychium bicuspidatum Bertkau, 1880, syn. n., Gonyleptes borgmeyeri Mello-Leitão, 1932, syn. n., Gonyleptes curvicornis Mello-Leitão, 1932, syn. n., Metagonyleptes hamatus Roewer, 1913, syn. n. and Paragonyleptes simoni Roewer, 1930, syn. n.; Gonyleptes pustulatus Sørensen, 1884 = Gonyleptes guttatus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Haversia defensa (Butler, 1876) = Sadocus vallentini Hogg, 1913, syn. n.; Liogonyleptoides minensis (Piza, 1946) = Currala bahiensis Soares, 1972, syn. n.; Megapachylus grandis Roewer, 1913 = Metapachyloides almeidai Soares & Soares, 1946, syn. n.; Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913) = Gonazula gibbosa Roewer, 1930 syn. n.; Mischonyx scaber (Kirby, 1819) = Xundarava holacantha Mello-Leitão, 1927, syn. n.; Parampheres tibialis Roewer, 1917 = Metapachyloides rugosus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Parapachyloides uncinatus (Sørensen, 1879) = Goyazella armata Mello-Leitão, 1931, syn. n.; Pseudopucrolia mutica (Perty, 1833) = Meteusarcus armatus Roewer, 1913, syn. n.THE FOLLOWING NEW COMBINATIONS ARE PROPOSED: Acrographinotus ornatus (Roewer, 1929), comb. n. (ex Unduavius); Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884),comb. n. (ex Gonyleptes);Gonyleptes perlatus (Mello-Leitão, 1935), comb. n. (exMoojenia);Mischonyx scaber (Kirby, 1819), comb. n. (ex Gonyleptes); and Neopachyloides peruvianus (Roewer, 1956), comb. n. (ex Ceropachylus). The following species of Gonyleptidae, Gonyleptinae are revalidated: Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923 and Gonyleptes curvicornis (Roewer, 1913).

Introduction

Opiliones is currently divided into four monophyletic suborders (Gonzalo and Kury 2007), of which Laniatores, with 29 families and 4040 described species (Kury 2011), is the most diverse. Indeed, it is the main component of tropical opilionid faunas. Recently the Neotropical harvestmen (mainly Gonyleptidae and Cranaidae) have been the subject of many revisions (e.g., DaSilva and Pinto-da-Rocha 2010; Bragagnolo and Pinto-da-Rocha 2009; Yamaguti and Pinto-da-Rocha 2009; Pinto-da-Rocha and Villarreal-Manzanilla 2009; Orrico and Kury 2009), and their subfamilial relationships have gradually been made clear (for instance, compare the above mentioned articles with Kury 1994a). These efforts aim to reverse the twentieth-century classification system in harvestmen systematics known as the “Roewerian system,” which was based on few characteristics and emphasized morphological differences. In addition, species sampling was poor, and intraspecific variation was overlooked. Thus many monotypic and/or artificial groups were created in this period, especially for Neotropical harvestmen. In order to resolve the taxonomically confusing Laniatores, modern studies are based on the examination of the type material as well as other material deposited in museum collections to determine the species identity. This part is especially important because the former classification system did not take intraspecific variations into account. Another important step is to gather overlooked information, such as those from male genitalia, which have shown to bePageBreak quite reliable as indicative of monophyletic groups (e.g., Pinto-da-Rocha and Hara 2009; Kury and Pinto-da-Rocha 2007a).

From recent phylogenetic studies on the Gonyleptidae subfamilies Gonyleptinae, Pachylinae, and Metasarcinae, as well as visits to such European museums as the Senckenberg Museum (Frankfurt), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), and Zoologisches Institut and Zoologisches Museum (Hamburg), we were able to precisely identify many gonyleptids, resulting in the detection of numerous synonymies and the misplacement of several species relative to modern family and subfamily concepts. Thus, we decided to publish these systematic findings in this format instead of many revisions of the respective families/subfamilies, which would take several years to finish. The aim of this article is to propose nomenclatural changes in an attempt to resolve the taxonomic nightmare in Neotropical harvestmen systematics.

Material and methods

The following abbreviations were adopted (curators in parentheses) to refer to the depositories:

NHM

The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum], London, England (Janet Beccaloni).

HEMS

Hélia Eller Monteiro Soares private collection, now included in MNRJ.

IBSP

Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Darci M. Barros Battesti).

ISNB

Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (Léon Baert).

MNRJ

Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Adriano Brilhante Kury).

MZLQ

Museu de Zoologia Luiz de Queiroz, now housed in IBSP.

MZSP

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha).

NHMW

Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (Jürgen Gruber).

SMF

Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Peter Jäger).

ZMB

Institut für Systematische Zoologie, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (Jason Dunlop).

ZMH

Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Germany (Hieronymus Dastich).

ZMUC

Zoologisk Museum, Universität København, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Nikolaj Scharff).

We did not exhaustively cite literature in synonymic listings (for this purpose see Kury 2003), but we updated it when necessary. We also placed information regarding the type material altogether. The list of material examined is only cited if PageBreakmore than one vial other than the type material was examined. Pictures of specimens were taken using a Canon EOS digital camera and edited using Adobe Photoshop and Corel PhotoPaint computer software. The illustrations of the external morphology were made under LEICA MZAPO stereomicroscope using camera lucida. Male genitalia were prepared according to Pinto-da-Rocha (1997) for illustrations as well as SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope) pictures. In the redescriptions, nomenclature of structures and relative positions follow Acosta et al. (2007b), with some modifications to best fit the taxa. Prolateral and retrolateral setae formulae of pedipalpal tibia and tarsi follow Pinto-da-Rocha (1997). The prosomal part of dorsal scutum and the scutal area V are here called the “carapace” and “posterior margin of dorsal scutum”, respectively. Measurements of the body parts (except for genitalia) are in millimeters.

Taxonomy

Agoristenidae Šilhavý, 1973

Leiosteninae Šilhavý, 1973

Roewer, 1929 new family assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Nemastygnus

Nemastygnus Roewer, 1929: 277;

Diagnosis.

was transferred from Cranaidae to Gonyleptidae, Metasarcinae by Kury (2003). It is closely related to Roewer, 1949, based on dorsal scutum shape (rectangular) and scutal area III (unarmed). It is impossible to distinguish both genera mainly because , the largest genus of Leiosteninae with 33 species, is a heterogeneous genus based on penial characters. The type-species of , Roewer, 1949, is known only from the original description (and only external morphology). However, we will not propose synonymy in this paper because is older and 33 new combinations should be proposed. A review of plus species is needed.

Description.

Ocularium unarmed, saddle-shaped. Areas and posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites unarmed (Fig. 1A). Scutal area I undivided. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum coriaceus. Chelicera dimorphic. Pedipalp with slender articles; femur without dorsoapical spine, with row of three ventral large setae and two ventroapical large setae; patella with prolateral large setae; tibia–tarsus with ectal-mesal large setae. Leg I filiform, three-segmented. Penis: basal setae of truncus and basal setae of ventral plate very long and bifid; stylus with a large, longitudinal keel.PageBreak

Figure 1.

Roewer. Male (holotype): A habitus, dorsal view. Distal part of penis B in dorsal view C ditto, left lateral view. B, C at same scale. Sale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 0.1 mm.

Roewer, 1929

http://species-id.net/wiki/Nemastygnus_ovalis

Fig. 1

Nemastygnus ovalis Roewer, 1929: 277, fig. 44 (♂);

Penis (Fig. 1B–C; holotype): truncus with three pairs of bifid setae (basal, subdistal lateral and distal ventral). Ventral plate with rounded lobe on corners, two dorso-basal pairs of small single branched setae, a ventral distal pair of small single branched setae and a ventral median bifid setae. Glans dorsally projected, slender, with a small ventral crest and a long dorsal crest. Stylus smooth.

Taxonomical note.

was originally placed in Gonyleptidae, Prostygninae. Kury (1994b) transferred Prostygninae to Cranaidae. Later, in his catalogue, Kury (2003) transferred to Gonyleptidae, Metasarcinae without examining the type material. We herein propose the transfer of to Agoristenidae Leiosteninae, based on characteristics of body and male genitalia, viz., filiform leg I, saddle-shaped ocularium, pedipalpus with well developed setae in ventral row of femur (basalmost longest, size including socket about length of pedipalpal femur) and prolateral/retrolateral of tibia and tarsus, penis with typical ventral plate and bifid setae (Kury 1993; Pinto-da-Rocha 1996; Kury 1997; Pinto-da-Rocha and Hara 2009).

Roewer, 1956 new family assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Taulisa

Taulisa Roewer, 1956: 433;

(Fig. 2) differs from the other 10 genera of Leiosteninae by the following combination of characters: ocularium unarmed, saddle-shaped; areas of dorsal scutum with two large tubercles each, posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites, each one with a central large tubercle; area I undivided; lateral margin of dorsal scutum coriaceus; pedipalp with slender articles, its femur with dorsoapical spine, with row of four ventral large setae; pedipalpal patella with prolateral large setae; pedipalpal tibia–tarsus with ectal-mesal large setae; leg I filiform, three-segmented. Male unknown.

Figure 2.

Roewer. Female (holotype): Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

was originally placed in Phalangodidae, Tricommatinae. Kury (1992a) elevated Tricommatinae to family level. In 2003, Kury transferred from Tricommatinae to Gonyleptidae, Metasarcinae without further remarks. We propose to transfer to Agoristenidae, Leiosteninae based on characteristics of the body, viz., filiform leg I, saddle-shaped ocularium, pedipalpus with well developed and long setae in ventral row of femur and on prolateral/retrolateral of tibiae/tarsi (Kury 1993; Pinto-da-Rocha 1996; Kury 1997; Pinto-da-Rocha and Hara 2009). PageBreakPageBreakInformation regarding male genitalia was unavailable, since this species is only known from the female holotype.

Composition.

Monotypic.

Roewer, 1956

http://species-id.net/wiki/Taulisa_koepckei

Fig. 2

Taulisa koepckei Roewer, 1956: 433, fig. 3–4 (♀);

As for genus.

Cranaidae Roewer, 1913

Roewer, 1929 new family assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Napostygnus

Napostygnus Roewer, 1929: 274, 275;

was originally placed in Gonyleptidae, Prostygninae and transferred to the Gonyleptidae, Metasarcinae by Kury (2003). It differs from the other 75 genera of Cranaidae by the following combination of characters: ocularium, scutal areas I–IV, posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergite I unarmed; free tergites II–III with one spine; posterior margin of dorsal scutum concave; legs thin and unarmed; penis with ventral plate wider at the middle, three pairs of distal setae, two pairs of basal setae, glans with dorsal process, stylus with apex enlarged.

Monotypic.

Roewer, 1929

http://species-id.net/wiki/Napostygnus_bispinosus

Fig. 3

Figure 3.

Roewer. Male (MZSP 36132): A habitus, dorsal view. Distal part of penis B in dorsal view C ditto, left lateral view. B, C at same scale. Scale bar A = 1 mm. Scale bar B = 0.1 mm.

Napostygnus bispinosus Roewer, 1929: 275, fig. 42 (♀);

Material examined.

ECUADOR. Napo: Valley of Rio Napo, 1 female holotype (SMF RI 1004/3); Cantón Quijos, Parroquira Cozanga, Yanayacu Research Station (0°35'S, 78°57'W, 2128 m), 1 ♂ & 2 ♀ (MZSP 36132); ditto, 1 ♀ (IBSP 10550)PageBreakPageBreak.

Male (MZSP 36132). Dorsum (Fig. 3A). Measurements: dorsal scutum length 4.1; dorsal scutum maximum width 3.5; carapace length 2.1; carapace maximum width 2.9; femur IV length 11.2. Body outline nearly subrectangular. Anterior margin of dorsal scutum with a median frontal hump small-granulate. Ocularium near middle of carapace, saddle shaped, with small granules near the eyes, unarmed. Carapace higher than the rest of dorsal scutum, with 4 tubercles behind ocularium. Scutal areas I–III with 2 small median tubercles on each area; IV with 4 tubercles. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with a low density of small granules. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergite I with a row of small granules, unarmed. Free tergites II–III each with a median spine, small granulate.

Chelicera: segment I unarmed. Segment II swollen, finger II with 3 teeth, III with 4 teeth.

Pedipalpus: trochanter with 2 ventral tubercles, femur and patella smooth. Tibial setation: retrolateral iiIii; prolateral iiiIiii. Tarsal setation: retrolateral IiIi; prolateral IiiiIi.

Legs: legs I–IV unarmed and without granules, except for trochanters, which are small granulate. Basitarsus I slightly inflated. Tarsal process present. Tarsal segmentation: 6(3); 16(3); 6; 7.

Penis (Fig. 3B–C): ventral plate with almost straight distal margin, thick median lobe and folded ventrally to the distal setae, 3 pairs of distal setae and 2 pairs of basal setae. Glans with thumb-like dorsal process. Stylus with dorsal apical projection and ventral apical small trichomes.

Coloration (in ethanol) (Fig. 3A): body background yellow with brown spots mainly on carapace, scutal areas, lateral and posterior margins of dorsal scutum and free tergites. Mesotergum with one longitudinal yellow stripe surrounded by blackish pigment at grooves I–V. Pedipalpus and chelicera yellowish brown with a brown reticulate pattern. Legs yellowish brown.

was originally placed in Gonyleptidae, Prostygninae. Kury (1994b) transferred Prostygninae to Cranaidae and later transferred to Gonyleptidae, Metasarcinae (Kury 2003). We herein propose the removal of from Metasarcinae based on male genitalia, which does not present the diagnostic character for the subfamily (Kury and Maury 1998; Kury and Pinto-da-Rocha 2007b), viz., a pair of spiny laterobasal sacs on the ventral plate. Another remarkable difference from Metasarcinae is the unarmed ventral pedipalpus femur. The combination of characteristics of penis and body morphology does not allow placing in any other family of Laniatores which bear tarsal process on legs III–IV. The slightly swollen male basitarsus I is not equal to those of Manaosbiidae, and furthermore the genitalia is distinct, since it possesses a dorsal process. The ocularium resembles those of Gonyleptidae, Bourguyiinae, but the penis is not similar, because there is only a dorsal process and no ventral process. The aspect of the penis resembles those of Cranaidae (presence of dorsal process, ventral plate and setae shape) and therefore, we propose its transfer to this family. It is noteworthy to mention that the morphology of the body of is somewhat distinct from the typical Cranaidae. We will not assign it to any subfamily, following the opinion of Orrico and Kury (2009) on the meaninglessness of current subfamily classifications in Cranaidae.

Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833

Ampycinae Kury, 2003

(Roewer, 1956) new comb., new subfamily assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Neopachyloides_peruvianus

Fig. 4

Figure 4.

(Roewer) comb. n. Male (holotype): A habitus, dorsal view. Distal part of penis (holotype) B in dorsal view C ditto, left lateral view. B, C at same scale. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 0.1 mm.

Ceropachylinus peruvianus Roewer, 1956: 440, fig. 19 (♂);

was a hitherto monotypic genus that resembles Ampycinae genera with a paired armature on ocularium and free tergite III with a median, long spiniform apophysis asin Roewer, 1929, Simon, 1879, Soares & Soares, 1977 and Roewer, 1929. can be distinguished from these genera by the following combination of characteristics: scutal area III with a paramedian pair of enlarged, pointed tubercles, scutal area IV undivided and free tergite II unarmed. can be distinguished from Roewer, 1913 by the dorsal scutum covered by granules and scutal areas I–II unarmed (Fig. 4A).

Penis (Fig. 4B–C; holotype): ventral plate with sub hexagonal shape, deep cleft on distal margin, 4 pairs of distal setae (distalmost curved and basalmost small), 3 pairs of basal setae straight. Glans very long (⅔ of ventral plate length), stylus smooth and curved dorsally, without dorsal and ventral processes.

The assignment of to is based on overall similarity and should be considered tentative. is the only Ampycinae which presents just one scutal area armed with a paramedian enlarged pair of tubercles (most genera present 3 scutal areas armed with a paramedian pair of enlarged tubercles, as , and or all of them unarmed). We preferred to place under instead of proposing a new genus because monophyly of Ampycinae genera (most of them monotypic) are doubtful. See taxonomical note of for the reasons of the new placement of .

Roewer, 1936 new subfamily assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Pirunipygus

Pirunipygus Roewer, 1936: 341;

is a monotypic genus and resembles Ampycinae genera with a paramedian pair of enlarged tubercles on scutal areas I–II as Simon, 1879, Roewer, 1913, Roewer, 1913 and GoPageBreakPageBreakodnight & Goodnight, 1947. can be distinguished from these genera by the following combination of characters: ocularium with a median spiniform apophysis (Fig. 5A); dorsal scutum with secondary tubercles (sensu Maury 1992); scutal area III with a paramedian pair of spiniform apophyses; free tergite II with a median spiniform apophysis; free tergite III with three spiniform apophyses, the middle one largest and bifid.

Figure 5.

Roewer. Male (holotype): A habitus, dorsal view. Distal part of penis (holotype) B in dorsal view; C ditto, left lateral view. B, C at same scale. Scale bar: A = 1 mm. Scale bar: B = 0.1 mm.

Monotypic.

Roewer, 1936

http://species-id.net/wiki/Pirunipygus_paradoxus

Fig. 5

Pirunipygus paradoxus Roewer, 1936: 341, fig. 4 (♂);

Penis (Fig. 5B–C; holotype): ventral plate sub hexagonal, deep U-cleft on distal margin, 3–4 distal pairs of setae (2–3 distalmost curved), 2 pairs of dorsal median setae of moderate size, 2 pairs of ventral median small setae. Stylus wide on basal ¾, apex twisted, with a patch of ventral subapical trichomes and some scattered apically. Glans without dorsal and ventral processes.

Both and were formerly placed in Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae. These two species show the following diagnostic characteristics of Ampycinae (Kury 2003), viz., body coloration black, integument with huge rounded tubercles, stout apophysis on free tergite III, ventral plate of penis with deep U-shape cleft on distal margin, absence of dorsal and ventral processes of glans.

Gonyleptinae Sundevall, 1833

Mello-Leitão, 1922

http://species-id.net/wiki/Acanthogonyleptes

Acanthogonyleptes Mello-Leitão, 1922: 336;

Centroleptes Roewer, 1943: 45;

As in Kury (2003: 137).

The monotypic genus is a subjective synonym of , since the type examined material of and are identical and synonymized here.

(Mello-Leitão, 1922); (Roewer, 1943); (Mello-Leitão, 1932); (Mello-Leitão, 1922); (Mello-Leitão, 1940); (Piza, 1942); (Mello-Leitão, 1935); (Mello-Leitão, 1944); (Mello-Leitão, 1940).

(Mello-Leitão, 1935)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Acanthogonyleptes_singularis

Adelphobunus singularis Mello-Leitão, 1935: 392, fig. 19 (♂);

Sphaerobunus singularis :

Acanthogonyleptes singularis :

Bocaina marmorata Piza, 1943: 46, fig. 5 (♂);

Centroleptes flavus Roewer, 1943: 45, fig. 50 (♀);

BRAZIL. São Paulo: São José do Barreiro (Serra da Bocaina, Fazendas Águas de Santa Rosa), female holotype of Piza (MZSP 810); Ribeirão Pires, male holotype of Mello-Leitão (IBSP 17); São José do Barreiro, 1 ♂ (HEMS 761); Santo André, 1 ♂ & 1 ♀ (MZSP 21257). Santa Catarina: Seara (Nova Teutônia), ♀ holotype of Roewer (SMF 6430/63).

and can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the presence of a median single elevation on scutal area III. Males of can be distinguished from those of by the presence of a robust curved retrolateral apophysis on trochanter IV.

The genus is a morphologically homogeneous group, probably representing a monophyletic group (see in Kury 2003). and bear a median single elevation on scutal area III. In addition, the morphology of female leg IV of both and are identical. The geographical records of include localities in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The only known specimen identified as is the holotype, supposedly collected in Seara (Nova Teutônia), and therefore the locality cited by Roewer (1943) is considered wrong.

Holmberg, 1887

http://species-id.net/wiki/Geraeocormobius_sylvarum

Geraecormobius sylvarum Holmberg, 1887: 211, fig. unnumbered (♂);

Discocyrtus serrifemur Roewer, 1943: 21, fig. 10 (♂); (1 male & 8 female syntypes, Brazil, Santa

Geraeocormobius sylvarum

Other material examined.

Brazil. Paraná: Cachoeirinha, 2 ♂ & 5 ♀ (MNRJ 26912); Paranavaí, 6 ♂ & 7 ♀ (MNRJ 4732).

Roewer (1943) placed in the Pachylinae based on the observation of pigmentation on posterior part of dorsal scutum, which he assumed erroneously to be the scutal area IV. Both sexes of type series of are identical to . In general, females of Gonyleptinae do not show conspicuous diagnostic characters, which are mainly seen in male tegumentary ornamentation. Both male and female specimens of preserved in 70% alcohol present a general black coloration with olive or yellowish lateral marks on the dorsal scutum, with white pedipalps. could be confused with (Mello-Leitão) and (Roewer) because of its relatively larger body size, presence of large rounded tubercles on the scutal area III, general black coloration and geographical occurrence. However, can be distinguished from them by the white pedipalps.

(Sørensen, 1884) comb. n.

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptellus_bimaculatus

Gonyleptes bimaculatus Sørensen, 1884: 605; (female holotype, Brazil, ZMUC, examined from digital photos).

Paragonyleptes bimaculatus :

Gonyleptes cancellatus Roewer, 1917: 127, fig. 26 (♂); (male holotype, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, SMF 1320, examined).

Gonyleptellus cancellatus :

"Paragonyleptes" bimaculatus :

BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, female holotype of , examined by digital photos (ZMUC). São Paulo: Santos, ♂ holotype of (SMF 1320); Bananal (Estação Ecológica do Bananal), A. Monteiro leg., IV.2004, 10 ♂ & 10 ♀ (MZSP 27804). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), Equipe Biota leg., 8–15.VI.2001, 3 ♂ & 1 ♀ (MZSP 21746); Terezópolis (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, sede), R. Pinto-da-Rocha, S. Outeda-Jorge, C. Mattoni leg., 10.II.2007, 3 ♂ & 5 ♀ (MZSP 28223); Nova Friburgo (Mury, Debossan, 950 m), R.S. Bérnils & P. Labiak leg., 29.VII.1996, 6 ♂ & 3 ♀ (MZSP 15120).

Sørensen (1884) described from Brazil without any illustration. Roewer (1913) transferred it to Roewer, PageBreak1913. Kury (2003) synonymized the type species ( Koch, 1839) of with Bertkau, 1880 and considered some species allocated in as Gonyleptinae incertae sedis, such as . The examination of from detailed photos of the holotype, which is reasonably well preserved, allowed us to recognize it as , a well-known species from the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Serra da Bocaina mountain range). Therefore, is a junior synonym of . The other species of is (Mello-Leitão, 1949), known only by its original description, which lacks illustration and its type depository is unknown (Kury 2003).

Kirby, 1819

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes

Gonyleptes Kirby, 1819: 450;

Collonychium Bertkau, 1880: 108;

is a genus composed of generally large species (dorsal scutum length longer than 8 mm), which males present femur IV with conspicuous armature and scutal areas I–III convex in lateral view. The penis presents ventral plate very convex and apex of ventral process serrate and semicircular. See taxonomical note below.

possesses 23 species and its habitus resembles other genera placed in Gonyleptinae. As Kury (2003) already suggested, the generic boundaries are not so clear cut. is an objective synonym of since both type species are synonymous. It can be only distinguished from related taxa, such as Holmberg, 1887, by a combination of unsatisfactory Roewerian characteristics. The composition of the genus below includes the changes proposed in this article.

Composition. (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824); Perty, 1833; Mello-Leitão, 1923, revalidated; Mello-Leitão, 1932; (Roewer, 1917); (Mello-Leitão, 1940); (Roewer, 1932), revalidated, comb. n.; Mello-Leitão, 1923; Soares & Soares, 1948; (Soares & Soares, 1945); (Piza, 1940); Kirby, 1819; Soares & Soares, 1949; Koch, 1845; Roewer, 1917; (Mello-Leitão, 1935), comb. n.; Soares & Soares, 1946; Giltay, 1928; Sørensen, 1884; Mello-Leitão, 1932; Mello-Leitão, 1922; Bertkau, 1880; Soares & Soares, 1945.

Kirby, 1819

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes_horridus

Figs 6A–D 7

Figure 6.

spp. male dorsal habitus and femora IV: A–D Kirby (HEMS 103): A habitus, dorsal view B right femur IV ventral view C ditto, dorsal view D picture of the holotype (NHM 1863.41). E–H (Roewer) (MZSP 0871): E habitus, dorsal view F right femur IV ventral view G ditto, dorsal view H picture of a live specimen. B, C at same scale. F, G at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 7.

Kirby. Distal part of penis (MZSP 15496) A dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.

Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819: 452, pl. 22, fig. 16 (♂);

Gonyleptes bicuspidatus Koch, 1839: 13; (2 females syntypes, Brazil, NHMW, not examined; 2 males & 2 females syntypes, Brazil, ZMB 905, not examined).

Collonychium bicuspidatum Bertkau, 1880: 108, pl. 2, fig. 39 (♀); (female nymph holotype, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro [Copacabana], ISNB, not examined).

Metagonyleptes hamatus Roewer, 1913: 213, fig. 89 (♂); (male holotype, Brazil, São Paulo, SMF 891, examined).

Paragonyleptes simoni Roewer, 1930: 379, fig. 12 (♂); (male holotype, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Serra Azul, SMF RII 1333, examined).

Gonyleptes borgmeyeri Mello-Leitão, 1932: 305, fig. 167 (♂); (male holotype, MNRJ, lost, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis).

Gonyleptes curvicornis Mello-Leitão, 1932: 305, fig. 166 (♂); (male holotype, MNRJ, lost, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia).

Gonyleptes melloleitaoi Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2011: 54 (replacement name for

BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, male holotype of , examined by digital photos (NHM 1863.41). São Paulo: São Paulo, male holotype of (SMF 891). Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro (Gávea), 1 male (MZSP 1370). Santa Catarina: (Serra Azul), male holotype of (SMF RII 1333).

can be recognized by: the relatively larger size; anterior border of carapace smooth (without tubercles or spines in the corners); frontal hump on anterior border of carapace and ocularium with white small tubercles; prolateral apical apophysis of coxa IV long, with abrupt curvature backwards. , and can be distinguished from all other species of by the robust and bifid (two distal tips) retrolateral apical apophysis of coxa IV. Females of and present dimorphic sulfur yellow spines on the free tergites, not present in females of . can be distinguished from by the armature pattern of femur IV of the males (see note on below). has relatively smaller tubercles on posterior part of the lateral margins of abdominal scutum than in .

Dorsal scutum length 7–9 mm. Anterior margin of carapace without tubercles or spines. Median frontal hump on anterior margin of carapace and ocularium with a pair of tubercles on each one (Fig. 6A). Four scutal grooves delimiting three scutal areas. Scutal areas I, II with low white tubercles in the median region; III with high paramedian tubercles. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with flattened white PageBreakPageBreaktubercles. Pedipalps approximately same length as dorsal scutum. Prolateral apophyses of coxa IV elongated, strongly curved backwards, dorsal branch longest. Retrolateral apophysis of coxa IV bifid. Femur IV straight, with dorsobasal apophyses and longitudinal rows of spines (Fig. 6B–C). Penis with typical Gonyleptinae-like pattern (Kury 1992b). Tarsal segmentation: 6(3); 10–12(3); 7–8; 8–9. Females with dimorphic cones (one yellowish huge median spine) on free tergites II and III. General coloration brown with white tubercles (Fig. 6D). Penis (Fig. 7A–C; MZSP 15496): ventral plate with a deep U-cleft on anterior margin (its distal tips convergent), 3 distal, 1 median and 4 basal pairs of setae, ventrally with a subdistal and a median pair of setae. Stylus sigmoid, with ventral subapical trichomes. Ventral process robust, apex as a flabellum with several small projections on distal margin.

All synonyms given in Kury (2003) for refer, in fact, to (Roewer, 1913). The type material of Mello-Leitão, 1932 was lost, but the original descriptions and illustrations are sufficient to propose the present synonymy. The types of Roewer and Roewer are identical to that of Kirby. The record of in Santa Catarina (type locality of is dubious. The synonymy of with is here proposed based on the reasoning of Kury (2003), who considered this nominal species as synonym of . In turn, is clearly a synonym of .

(Roewer, 1913) revalidated, comb. n.

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes_curvicornis

Figs 6E–H 8

Figure 8.

(Roewer). Distal part of penis (MZSP 1117) A dorsal view B ditto, left lateral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Weyhia curvicornis Roewer, 1913: 193, fig. 80 (♂);

Gonyleptes lacrimosus Mello-Leitão, 1932: 294, fig. 148 (♂); (male holotype, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Floresta da Tijuca), MNRJ 11789, not examined)

Mendesius albipunctatus Roewer, 1943: 41, pl. 5, fig. 45 (♀); (female holotype, Brazil, Mendes, SMF 5389/47).

BRAZIL. São Paulo: Locality not specified further, male holotype (SMF 979); São Paulo (Chácara Dr. J. L. Lane), male (MZSP 0871). Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro (Grajaú), 1 male (MZSP 1117).

resembles (see diagnosis above) but can be distinguished by the relatively shorter prolateral apical apophysis of coxa IV, lacking the abrupt backwards curvature (Fig. 6E). The retrolateral apical apophysis of coxa IV is reduced and not bifid as in . The male femur IV has a different pattern of armature (Fig. 6F–G) compared to . Carapace with a pair of tubercles on the posterior area (posterior to ocularium). Females of do not present dimorphic sulfur yellow spines on the free tergites.

Penis (Fig. 8A–B; MZSP 1117): ventral plate sub hexagonal, with a deep U-cleft on distal margin (its distal tips convergent), 3 distal, 1 median, 4 basal pairs of setae (distal ones curved, median ones shortest). Stylus sigmoid, with ventral subapical trichomes. Ventral process robust, apex flabelliform with several projections of varying sizes on distal margin.

Roewer’s (1913; 1923) redescriptions of and are the same. Following Roewer, Soares and Soares (1988) considered as its junior synonym. However, as seen above, such redescription of was mistaken and, therefore, can no longer be considered as a junior synonym. was synonymized with by Soares and Soares (1949). The Gonyleptinae genera definition is still unsatisfactory, but the placement of in is more reasonable than its placement in PageBreak, due to morphological similarities shared with , such as white tubercles on frontal hump on anterior margin of dorsal scutum, ocularium (Fig. 6H) and lateral borders of abdominal scutum convex and abdominal scutum itself convex.

Mello-Leitão, 1923 revalidated

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes_atrus

Figs 9A–B 10

Figure 9.

spp. male femora IV: A, B Mello-Leitão (MZSP 32513): A right femur IV dorsal view B ditto, ventral view. C, D Mello-Leitão (MZSP 9996): C right femur IV dorsal view D ditto, ventral view. A, B at same scale. C, D at same scale. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10.

Mello-Leitão. Distal part of penis (MZSP 29393) A dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.

Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923: 140;

Weyhia brieni Giltay, 1928: 83; (male holotype; Brazil, Itatiaia; ISNB; not examined).

Geraeocormobius jimi Soares & Soares, 1974: 601, figs 8–25 (♂♀); (male holotype and 1 female paratype; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro; Itatiaia; J. Jim et al. leg, 28.XI.1977; HSPC 447; 2 males paratypes; same locality; A. Peracchi & E. Izecksohn leg, 9.IV.1966; HSPC 463; examined).

BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Lambari (Parque Estadual Nova Baden), (MZSP 32513); Delfim Moreira (MZSP 29393); Itamonte (MZSP 21251); Poços de Caldas (MZSP 29366). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, syntypes of (MNRJ 27321). São Paulo: Campos do Jordão (MZSP 21251).

Dorsal scutum length 8–10 mm. Corners of anterior margin of carapace smooth. Median frontal hump on anterior margin of carapace and ocularium with one pair of tubercles each one. Posterior region of carapace with 2 median tubercles. Mesotergum densely covered by tubercles. Scutal areas I–III each with a pair of median enlarged tubercles (III with largest and round ones). Prolateral apical apophysis of male coxa IV slightly directed backwards, retrolateral apophysis of male coxa IV absent or very reduced (Fig. 9A–B). Dorsobasal apophysis of male femur IV robust, curved and retrolaterally oriented. Ornamentation of male femur IV variable, normally with two prolateral spines.

Penis (Fig. 10A–C, MZSP 29393): ventral plate with 3 distal and 3 basal pairs of large setae, 1 median pair of short setae. Stylus with ventral trichomes. Ventral process with a triangular flabellum, with digitiform ventral median projection.

was synonymized, without further remarks, with by Kury (2003) in his catalogue of Laniatores of the New World. However, the study of type material of both species revealed no overlap of some diagnostic characteristics. is relatively larger than . Both species present different patterns of ornamentation on male femur IV. shows a sigmoid femur IV with robust dorsal subasal apophysis and two remarkable retrolateral apophyses (Fig. 9A–B), while shows a straight femur, reduced dorsal subasal apophysis, one remarkable retrolateral apophysis and three to five dorsal spines on anterior half ofPageBreak the femur IV (Fig. 9C–D). Specimens of and are identical. The description of is sufficiently clear to consider this species synonymy of , even without the examination of the type material. Only Mello-Leitão, Mello-Leitão and Mello-Leitão, and all its combination, remain in the synonymic list of . occurs in sympatry with in almost all of its distribution range.

Mello-Leitão, 1923

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes_fragilis

Fig. 11

Figure 11.

Mello-Leitão. Distal part of penis (MZSP 30764) A dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.

Gonyleptes fragilis Mello-Leitão, 1923: 127;

Mendesius guttatus Roewer, 1952: 57; (female holotype, Brazil, SMF RII 10311/72, examined).

Gonyleptes banana Kury, 2003: 127 (replacement name for

resembles and because of the overall similarities of the features of the dorsal scutum. can be distinguished from the other two species by the ocularium with a pair of spines (tubercles in and ) and the pale yellowish spots around the tubercles on abdominal scutum.

Penis (Fig. 11A–C): ventral plate inflated in the middle region, with a deep U-cleft on anterior margin (its distal tips convergent), 3 distal pairs of long, curved setae, 1 median pair of short setae, 4 basal pairs of spatulate setae. Glans sac slightly projected distally, with similar projection to a dorsal process. Stylus sigmoid, smooth. Ventral process robust, apex flabelliform with several small projections on distal margin.

Soares and Soares (1988) proposed the new combination (Roewer, 1952) for , making it a homonym of Roewer, 1917 [= (Roewer, 1917)]. Kury (2003) renamed the species as , based on the Roewer’s citation about the peculiar collection site of the type specimen, a banana shipment for export. The female holotype of matches exactly the female holotype of . Both males and females of present a brown general coloration with some pale yellowish spots around the tubercles of the mesotergum, a diagnostic characteristic for this species. In addition, the occurrence area of includes the Vale do Ribeira and southern coast of São Paulo (Kury 2003), an important area known for producing banana for exportation in the 1940’s and 1950’s.

(Mello-Leitão, 1935) comb. n.

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes_perlatus

Moojenia perlata Mello-Leitão, 1935: 384, fig. 13 (♂); (2 males syntypes, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Viçosa, MNRJ 1577, examined)

Collonychium perlatum :

is very similar to (according to Kury 2003) but can be distinguished by the relatively larger tubercles on lateral margin of the doPageBreakrsal scutum and the absence of a robust prolateral row of apophysis on male femur IV (present in ), although this article might present variable armature.

We propose the allocation of this species in because it is very similar to (see comments in Kury 2003), including the typical sexual dimorphism. According Kury (2003), both species are allopatric.

Sørensen, 1884

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gonyleptes_pustulatus

Fig. 12

Figure 12.

Sørensen. Male (MNRJ 17456): A habitus in dorsal view. Female (MNRJ 17456): B habitus in dorsal view. Distal part of penis (MNRJ 17456) C in dorsal view D ditto, right lateral view. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; C–D = 0.01 mm.

Gonyleptes pustulatus Sørensen, 1884: 603,

Gonyleptes guttatus Roewer, 1917: 125, fig. 25 (♂);

BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, male holotype of , examined from photo (ZMUC). São Paulo: Santos, male holotype of (SMF 1321). Rio de Janeiro: Casimiro de Abreu, 5 ♂ & 6 ♀ (MNRJ 17456).

(Fig. 12A–B) superficially resembles because of the conspicuous white patches on mesotergum. Males of can be distinguished from by: femur IV armed (unarmed in ) and presence of a bifid retrolateral apical apophysis on coxa IV.

Penis (Fig. 12C–D; MNRJ 17456): ventral plate with slightly inflated middle region, a deep distal U-cleft on anterior margin (its distal tips are divergent), 3 distal pairs of long, curved setae, 1 median pair of short setae, 4 basal pairs of spatulate setae. Stylus slightly straight, with apex slightly swollen. Ventral process robust, apex flabelliform with serrated and rounded distal margin.

is a remarkable species by body color pattern. It was described without any illustration. Probably this was the reason that kept this species virtually unknown and led Roewer to describe .

(Piza, 1946)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Liogonyleptoides_minensis

Chaquesia minensis Piza, 1946: 365, fig. 1 (♂); (2 males & 3 females syntypes; Brazil, Minas Gerais, Cachoeira do Pajeú; MZLQ A0053; examined).

Liogonyleptoides minensis :

Currala bahiensis Soares, 1972: 56, figs 1–4, 14–15 (♂♀);

Comparisons between the type material of and allowed us to conclude that they are synonymous. is a species that can be easily diagnosed among gonyleptines by the relatively larger size, body dorsally rounded, without tubercles on corners, presence of scutal area IV; femur III curved (instead of sigmoid); male femur IV with a long, robust dorsobasal apophysis and a prolateral one that is curved dorsally on distal third. The genus is now composed only by its type species Roewer, 1927.

Bertkau, 1880

http://species-id.net/wiki/Mischonyx

Mischonyx Bertkau, 1880: 106;

Eugonyleptes Roewer, 1913: 219;

Gonazula Roewer, 1930: 417;

resembles Roewer, 1927 and Strand, 1932, which are gonyleptine of relatively smaller size (about 5 mm of dorsal scutum length). can be distinguished from those genera by the combination of the following characters: anterior border of the carapace with robust spines; frontal hump on anterior margin of carapace and ocularium with a pair of spines; scutal areas I–III with a paramedian pair of tubercles, those on I–II elliptical and widest pair on scutal area III; lateral margin of the dorsal scutum with large white tubercles (in specimens preserved in 70% ethanol)PageBreak.

According DaSilva and Pinto-da-Rocha (2010), is phylogenetically close to Hernandariinae. It is probable that due to the Roewerian classification, some species which should be in is placed elsewhere in Gonyleptinae. Therefore, a comprehensive revision of the subfamily is needed.

(Mello-Leitão, 1936); (Mello-Leitão, 1934); (Roewer, 1913); (Mello-Leitão, 1931); (Soares, 1972); (Mello-Leitão, 1935); Vasconcelos, 2004; Vasconcelos, 2005; (Soares & Soares, 1970); Bertkau, 1880 and (Soares & Soares, 1947).

(Kirby, 1819) comb. n.

http://species-id.net/wiki/Mischonyx_scaber

Gonyleptes scaber Kirby, 1819: 453; (3 males & 1 female syntypes; Brazil; NHM 1863.41; examined from detailed photo).

Eugonyleptes scaber : Roewer, 1913: 219;

Xundarava holacantha Mello-Leitão, 1927: 20; (female holotype; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Niteroi; MNRJ 1469; examined).

Mischonyx holacanthus :

BRAZIL. Locality not specified further, 3 males & 1 female syntypes (NHM 1863.41). Rio de Janeiro: Niterói, female holotype of (MNRJ 1469); ditto, male holotype of (MNRJ 1483).

resembles and because of armature of the male femur IV: presence of a dorsobasal apophysis relatively short and curved; one retrolateral apophysis on distal third; and a row of high, acuminated tubercles increasing in size from the base to distal third. can be distinguished from by the presence of a short gap between the retrolateral row and the retrolateral apophysis on femur IV (the retrolateral row is continuous to the retrolateral apophysis on femur IV in ). can be distinguished from by the absence of enlarged tubercles (present in ) on the posterior part of the lateral margin of the dorsal scutum.

was described from Brazil, however, many authors, including Kury (2003), cited other countries as its type locality. It is clearly written “Brazil” on the label of the holotype. The only other known specimens of this species are the types of and (both in poor condition). The precise distribution records are Rio de Janeiro (Ilha do Governador) and Niterói.

(Roewer, 1913)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Mischonyx_cuspidatus

Ilhaia cuspidata Roewer, 1913: 221; (male holotype; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Grande, SMF 900; examined).

Mischonyx cuspidatus :

Gonazula gibbosa Roewer, 1930: 418, fig. 32 (♂);

BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande, male holotype (SMF 900); Macaé, 16 ♂ & 6 ♀ (MNRJ 4601). Santa Catarina: Serra Azul, male holotype (SMF 1328); Gaspar, 1 ♂ (MNRJ 11584).

resembles and (see diagnosis of ). can be distinguished from them by the median high, acuminated tubercle on the free tergites I–III.

The type locality of , Serra Azul (in the state of Santa Catarina), is an unknown toponym from where seven species are recorded (see Kury 2003). As some of these species were rediscovered in Serra dos Órgãos (in the state of Rio de Janeiro), we believe that the opilionids from Serra Azul were mislabeled, although is a synanthropic gonyleptid (Mestre and Pinto-da-Rocha 2004) with one of the largest geographical distributions known among Neotropical harvestmen (see records in Kury 2003).

Roewer, 1913

http://species-id.net/wiki/Megapachylus_grandis

Fig. 13

Figure 13.

Roewer. Distal part of penis (MZSP16837) A in dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.

Megapachylus grandis Roewer, 1913: 124, fig. 56 (♂);

Metapachyloides almeidai Soares & Soares, 1946: 317, fig. 2 (♂);

Penis (Fig. 13A–C; MZSP16837): ventral plate with slightly convergent lateral sides deep U-cleft on distal margin, its apex folded ventrally, 3 distal pairs of large setae, slightly curved at apex, 1 median pair of short setae and, 4 basal pairs of spatulate setae, directed frontwards. Glans with dorsal process. Stylus thin, long, sigmoid, with subapical ventral trichomes. Ventral process shaft folded ventrally, apex flabelliform, with serrate distal margins and long distal tip.

The male of the species described by Soares & Soares shows a moderate development of armature of leg IV but the number and arrangement of tubercles are perfectly coincident with those of . It could be a beta male, although an extensive population study should be conducted to confirm this.PageBreak

Roewer, 1913

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parampheres

Parampheres Roewer, 1913: 345; (type species:

Metapachyloides Roewer, 1917: 120; (type species:

resembles , Roewer, 1930 and Roewer, 1927 by the presence of a more elongated prolateral apical apophysis on male coxa IV (greater length/basal diameter ratio of the apophysis) than that in and related Gonyleptinae genera. can be distinguished from and by the scutal area III with tubercles (instead of spines). can be distinghished from Acanthogonyleptes by the absence of a clearly defined dorsobasal apophysis on the male femur IV. species bear a row of apophyses on the dorsal basal area of the femur IV.

is a monotypic genus and its type species is junior synonym of Roewer, 1917.

Roewer, 1917

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parampheres_tibialis

Parampheres tibialis Roewer, 1917: 144, fig. 37 (♂); (male holotype; Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; SMF 1330; examined).

Metapachyloides rugosus Roewer, 1917: 121, fig. 22 (♀); (female holotype; Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; SMF 1322; examined).

The monotypic genus was formerly placed in Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae. Instead of a male, as stated in the original description, the PageBreakholotype of is a female, and its general aspect is similar to that of Roewer, 1913. Surprisingly, in the same year, Roewer described in Gonyleptinae, based on a male collected in the same locality (Santos), the most important harbor in Brazil. Roewer described many harvestmen species indicating Santos as their type locality, but those were never collected again there or in the area of endemism to which Santos belongs (Serra do Mar of São Paulo, see Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2005 for more details). We conclude that , as well as many other species supposedly collected in Santos were probably mislabeled.

(Sørensen, 1879)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Parapachyloides_uncinatus

Fig. 14

Figure 14.

(Sørensen). Distal part of penis (MZSP 14571) A in dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.01 mm.

Gonyleptes uncinatus Sørensen, 1879: 214, figs 1–5, 9–10, 14, 18, 22–26, 28–29 (♂♀); (syntypes males & females, ZMUC, type locality not specified, see

Parapachyloides uncinatus :

Goyazella armata Mello-Leitão, 1931: 120, fig. 1 (♀); (female holotype; MNRJ 11373; Brazil; Goiás; Chapada dos Veadeiros; Blases leg., examined). syn. n.

Parapachyloides armatus : B.

BRAZIL. São Paulo: Porto Cabral, 4 ♂ (MZSP 787); Usina Hidrelétrica de Rosana, 2 males & 2 females (MZSP 14571). Mato Grosso do Sul: Taquaruçu, 2 ♂ & 1 ♀ (MZSP 19113); ditto, (Canal do Rio Baía), 1 ♂ (MZSP 22084).

Penis (Fig. 14A–C; MZSP 14571): ventral plate with the lateral sides slightly convergent, deep U-cleft on distal margin, its apex folded ventrally and convergent, 3 distal pairs of setae curved on apex, 1 pair of short median setae, 4 basal pairs of setae arranged in a row, 2 pairs of ventral distal short setae. Glans with small dorsal process. Stylus slender, sigmoid, smooth. Ventral process apex flabelliform with serrate distal margin.PageBreak

Males of this species show polymorphism in the posterior tubercle on the lateral margin of dorsal scutum (from low, small and blunt to high, enlarged, curved and pointed apex), posterior margin of dorsal scutum (from low tubercles to two high tubercles) and armature of free tergite I (with one large median tubercle without enlarged lateral tubercles, or with 2–4 high lateral tubercles); retrolateral basal tubercle on male femur IV of same width as femur to 1.5 times wider, short (1.3 times femur width) to long (3.2 ×).

B. Soares, 1944a

http://species-id.net/wiki/Schubartesia_singularis

Fig. 15

Figure 15.

B. Soares. Distal part of penis (MZSP 29075) A in dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.

Schubartesia singularis B. Soares, 1944a: 34, fig. 1 (♂);

BRAZIL. Bahia: (Os Gerais, Rio Branco Valley), male holotype of (MZSP). Minas Gerais: Januária (Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu), 1 ♂ & 1 ♀ (MZSP 29075); ditto, 2 ♂ (MZSP 29839).

Penis (Fig. 15A–C; MZSP 29075): ventral plate with the sides subparallel, with deep cleft on distal margin (U-cleft in ventral view and V-cleft in dorsal view; its apex convergent), 3 pairs of long helycoidal setae, 2 pairs of ventral distal short setae, 1 pair of median short setae, 4 pairs of spatulate, large setae arranged in an oblique row in lateral view, basal lobe short and projected dorsad. Stylus sigmoid, smooth. Ventral process shaft short and wide, apex flabelliform with slightly serrated distal margin.

and were both formerly placed in Pachylinae and transferred recently to Gonyleptinae by Kury et al. (2010). In that occasion, they justified the transfer arguing that penial features are typical of those of Gonyleptinae, but they did not formally described or characterized them. Despite the typical “Pachylinae” general aspect (four scutal areas on dorsal PageBreakscutum, robust pedipalps and conspicuous trochanter armature), the penis morphology, such as the deep cleft on distal margin of the penis ventral plate, indicates that it belongs to a more derivative gonyleptine lineage.

Heteropachylinae Kury, 1994a

Roewer,1912

http://species-id.net/wiki/Pseudopucrolia

Pseudopucrolia Roewer, 1912: 167;

Meteusarcus Roewer, 1913: 74;

See Mendes (2011: 453).

Composition. (Roewer, 1943); (Mello-Leitão, 1928); (Perty, 1833) and (Roewer, 1930).

was formerly placed in Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae. The examination of the female holotype revealed it was a female of the heteropachyline .

(Perty, 1833)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Pseudopucrolia_mutica

Eusarcus muticus Perty, 1833: 203.

Pseudopucrolia mutica :

Meteusarcus armatus Roewer, 1913: 74, fig. 33 (♀);

See Mendes (2011: 463).

See genus “Taxonomical note”.

Pachylinae Sørensen, 1884

Holmgren, 1916

http://species-id.net/wiki/Acrographinotus

Acrographinotus Holmgren, 1916: 89;

Unduavius Roewer, 1929: 244;

See Acosta (2001: 59).

(Soares & Bauab-Vianna, 1972); Roewer, 1929; Roewer, 1929; Acosta, 2002; Acosta, 2001; (Roewer, 1957); (Roewer, 1929), comb. n.

The genus is monotypic, but the remarkable ventral process of the penis, with its “ibis head” shape, fits perfectly in the generic concept presented by Acosta (2001), who rediagnosed the genus .

(Roewer, 1929) comb. n.

http://species-id.net/wiki/Acrographinotus_ornatus

Fig. 16

Figure 16.

(Roewer) comb. n. Distal part of penis (SMF 2881) A in dorsal view B ditto, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Unduavius ornatus Roewer, 1929: 244, fig. 28 (♂);

BOLIVIA. La Paz: Nor Yungas (Unduavi), 1 male & 6 females (SMF 2881/79; syntypes according to Acosta (1996), which was previously referred to as belonging to Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien. We acknowledge them as syntypes together with those in SMF RII 995/52).

can be easily distinguished from other species of the genus by the blister-like, enlarged, brown tubercles on whitish scutal areas I–IV; posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites I–II with a row of enlarged tubercles and white spots on lateral and posterior margin of dorsal scutum and coxa IV.

Penis (Fig. 16A–B; SMF 2881): ventral plate with 3 distal pairs of long setae, 0–2 median pairs of short setae, 4–5 basal pairs of setae. Stylus almost straight (apex slightly bent), smooth. Distal ventral process shaped as an ibis head.

Roewer, 1943 new subfamilial assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gyndesops

Gyndesops Roewer, 1943: 29;

resembles the largest Pachylinae genus, Holmberg, 1878, which presents an ocularium and scutal area III with paired armature, four scutal areas, scutal area II–IV and free tergites I–III unarmed. This combination of characters also occurs in genera such as Mello-Leitão, 1927, Strand, 1942, Mello-Leitão, 1927 and Roewer, 1917. can be distinguished PageBreakfrom and by the coloration, which is uniformly auburn ( has green/yellow spots and/or stripes on dorsal scutum and has white patches on dorsal scutum). It is very difficult to distinguish from the remaining genera, because no revision was ever made including those groups, and their monophyly is doubtful. It is possible that (as well as and ) is a junior synonym of , but we refrained ourselves from such a rash nomenclatural act.

Monotypic.

Roewer, 1943

http://species-id.net/wiki/Gyndesops_denisi

Fig. 17

Figure 17.

Roewer. Distal part of penis (holotype) A in dorsal view B ditto, right lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Gyndesops denisi Roewer, 1943: 29, fig. 23 (♂);

Penis (Fig. 17A–B, holotype): ventral plate subrectangular, basal half of lateral margin projected laterad, distal margin slightly concave, 3 distal pairs of cyliPageBreakndrical setae, 1 pair of median setae (long left seta and moderate sized right seta), 3 basal pairs of cylindrical setae (median largest). Glans sac almost reaching distal margin of ventral plate. Stylus with swollen apex, smooth. Ventral process with large shaft, apex flabelliform with serrated lateral margins.

Originally, was allocated in Pachylinae, and later transferred to Gonyleptinae by Kury (2003), without further explanation. It is known that Gonyleptinae and Pachylinae are possibly not monophyletic. A phylogenetic analysis of Gonyleptidae is currently being carried out and indicates, however, that most Gonyleptinae have a deep cleft in the distal margin of the penis ventral plate, as well as some other features, absent in this species. Since (i) does not possess such cleft in the penis ventral plate, and (ii) the exterior morphology might be misleading regarding Gonyleptinae and Pachylinae, we opted to allocate it back in Pachylinae.

Roewer, 1913 new subfamilial assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Haversia

Haversia Roewer, 1913: 170;

Hoggellula Roewer, 1930: 397;

resembles Pachylinae with three scutal areas, such as Roewer, 1913, Canals, 1934, Koch, 1839, Roewer, 1913, Roewer, 1913, Roewer, 1936, Roewer, 1943, Loman, 1899, B. Soares, 1945, and two species of Sørensen, 1886 ( and ). can be distinguished from those genera by the unarmed and smooth (i.e. without tubercles) scutal areas and the complex apophyses of male trochanter IV: three prolateral apophyses (anterior median, posterior median and an apical apophysis).

The two type species ( and )are synonymous, resulting in a generic synonymy, and the new assignment proposed here is based on penis morphology (see note on ). The penis of follows the basic pattern of those gonyleptids placed in the large (and non-monophyletic) subfamily Pachylinae (ventral plate with straight anterior margin; glans without dorsal process; distal, median and basal setae of ventral plate short [seta length inferior to ventral plate width]; stylus and ventral process with variable shape). However, presents two features that stand out: (i) the penis glans projected dorsally and (ii) the detailed shape of apex of penis ventral process. Those features are typical of some Chilean genera, such as , and (unpublished data), and might be the evidence that those four genera are closely related.

Monotypic.

(Butler, 1876)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Haversia_defensa

Fig. 18

Figure 18.

(Butler). Distal part of penis (SMF 1320/8) A in dorsal view B ditto, left lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Gonyleptes defensus Butler, 1876: 152, fig. 4 (♂); (4 males & 1 female syntypes; Argentina, Falklands Island; NHM; examined by detailed photos).

Haversia defensa : Roewer, 1913: 171, fig. 72 (♂);

Sadocus vallentini Hogg, 1913: 48, fig. 7 (♂); (syntypes males and females; Falklands Island; NHM 1299.1304; not examined).

Hoggellula vallentini :

ARGENTINA. Falklands (Islas Malvinas), 1 ♂ (SMF 1320/8).

Penis (Fig. 18A–B; SMF 1320/8): ventral plate with lateral margins slightly concave, distal margin straight, 3 distal pairs of cylindrical, straight, long setae, 1 pair of median short setae, 2 pairs of basal cylindrical, straight, long setae. Glans sac projected dorsally, ventral process and stylus arising ventrally. Stylus long, slightly curved, with apical ventral and lateral trichomes. Ventral process swollen apically, with nailhead-like apex.PageBreak

The examination of detailed photos of type material and subsequent comparison of those with the description of allowed recognizing them as conspecific.

Roewer,1963 new subfamilial assignment

http://species-id.net/wiki/Oxapampeus

Oxapampeus Roewer, 1963: 62;

Based on external morphology, resembles Pachylinae with three scutal areas (subfamily classical diagnosis is the presence of four areas) and scutal area III with a paramedian pair of spines, such as Roewer, 1913, Canals, 1934, Roewer, 1913, Roewer, 1913, Roewer, 1913, Roewer, 1943, and two species of Sørensen, 1886 ( and ). However, can be distinguished from those genera by the combination of the following characters: ocularium with a paramedian pair of pointed tubercles; frontal hump on anterior border of dorsal scutum moderately developed; scutal areas I–II each with a paramedian pair of enlarged tubercles; posterior margin of dorsal scutum straight; and free tergites I–III unarmed.

has been included in Gonyleptinae due to the presence of three scutal areas on the dorsal scutum and absence of autapomorphies of other gonyleptidean subfamilies. However, its penis does not present the typical gonyleptine pattern. In addition, its ventral plate, with slightly concave lateral sides, as well as the absence of dorsally projected basal lobes, makes it resemble several Andean Pachylinae male genitalia.

Monotypic.

Roewer, 1963

http://species-id.net/wiki/Oxapampeus_weyrauchi

Fig. 19

Figure 19.

Roewer. Distal part of penis (holotype) A in dorsal view B ditto, left lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Oxapampeus weyrauchi Roewer, 1963: 62, fig. 29 (♂);

Penis (Fig. 19A–B; holotype): ventral plate with lateral and distal margins slightly concave, with 3–4 distal pairs of cylindrical, straight, long setae, 0–1 median seta (visible in lateral view), 5 basal pairs of setae. Glans sac projected dorsally, ventral process and stylus arising ventrally. Stylus short and straight, with ventral subapical trichomes. Ventral process swollen apically, more elongated and thinner than stylus.PageBreak