Thrombotic complications associated with stem cell transplantation.

Thrombotic complications are common in stem cell transplantation (SCT) recipients and endothelial cell injury is a dominant contributing factor to the hemostatic impairments. Endothelial cells line the vascular bed and each vascular bed has a unique structural and functional properties. Therefore, understanding of these properties may hold important clues to site-specific diagnostics and therapeutics. The two most common thrombotic manifestations related to SCT, veno-occlusive disease (VOD) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), are characterized by small vessel thrombosis in the microcirculation. In diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), although the clinical presentation is hemorrhagic, autopsy findings and mice experiments imply a thrombotic etiology. In the present review, the pathogenesis and treatment options of these three microcirculation thromboses are discussed.