AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the gut mucosa is a reservoir for enterovirus persistence in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Small intestine biopsy samples from 25 individuals at different stages of type 1 diabetes, 21 control individuals and 27 individuals with coeliac disease were analysed for the presence of enterovirus RNA by using both radioactive in-situ hybridisation and real-time RT-PCR and for the presence of enterovirus proteins by immunostaining with antibodies against VP1 and VP4-2-3 capsid proteins and virus polymerase. Lymphocytic enteropathy and serum anti-VP1 antibodies were also evaluated at the time of biopsy. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing was performed to identify viral transcripts or genomes. RESULTS: Enterovirus was not detected by in-situ hybridisation or RT-PCR in any of the individuals tested. Immunohistology revealed a few stained cells in the intestinal epithelium in a low number of individuals, with no difference between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Levels of serum IgG against VP1 did not differ between control individuals and those with diabetes or coeliac disease and no evidence of diabetes-related lymphocytic enteropathy was detected. High-throughput sequencing did not reveal specific enterovirus sequences in the gut mucosa of individuals with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Prolonged/persistent enterovirus infections in gut mucosa are not common in patients with type 1 diabetes.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the gut mucosa is a reservoir for enterovirus persistence in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Small intestine biopsy samples from 25 individuals at different stages of type 1 diabetes, 21 control individuals and 27 individuals with coeliac disease were analysed for the presence of enterovirus RNA by using both radioactive in-situ hybridisation and real-time RT-PCR and for the presence of enterovirus proteins by immunostaining with antibodies against VP1 and VP4-2-3 capsid proteins and virus polymerase. Lymphocytic enteropathy and serum anti-VP1 antibodies were also evaluated at the time of biopsy. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing was performed to identify viral transcripts or genomes. RESULTS: Enterovirus was not detected by in-situ hybridisation or RT-PCR in any of the individuals tested. Immunohistology revealed a few stained cells in the intestinal epithelium in a low number of individuals, with no difference between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Levels of serum IgG against VP1 did not differ between control individuals and those with diabetes or coeliac disease and no evidence of diabetes-related lymphocytic enteropathy was detected. High-throughput sequencing did not reveal specific enterovirus sequences in the gut mucosa of individuals with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Prolonged/persistent enterovirus infections in gut mucosa are not common in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Authors: Miia Mäkelä; Outi Vaarala; Robert Hermann; Kimmo Salminen; Tero Vahlberg; Riitta Veijola; Heikki Hyöty; Mikael Knip; Olli Simell; Jorma Ilonen Journal: J Autoimmun Date: 2006-06-06 Impact factor: 7.094
Authors: J E Banatvala; J Bryant; G Schernthaner; M Borkenstein; E Schober; D Brown; L M De Silva; M A Menser; M Silink Journal: Lancet Date: 1985-06-22 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: K Klingel; C Hohenadl; A Canu; M Albrecht; M Seemann; G Mall; R Kandolf Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 1992-01-01 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Peter D Burbelo; Yo Hoshino; Hannah Leahy; Tammy Krogmann; Ronald L Hornung; Michael J Iadarola; Jeffrey I Cohen Journal: Clin Vaccine Immunol Date: 2009-01-07
Authors: H-S Lee; T Briese; C Winkler; M Rewers; E Bonifacio; H Hyoty; M Pflueger; O Simell; J X She; W Hagopian; Å Lernmark; B Akolkar; J Krischer; A G Ziegler Journal: Diabetologia Date: 2013-05-09 Impact factor: 10.122