OBJECTIVE: Progesterone has been proven to have limited effects on endometrial cancers (ECs), mainly owing to the down-regulation of progesterone receptor (PR). Here, we explored whether 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR), a demethylating agent, could enhance the susceptibility of EC cells to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). METHODS: Ishikawa and KLE cell lines were treated with 5-aza-CdR and/or MPA. The expression of PR, PR target genes, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Promoter methylation was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The effects of 5-aza-CdR and/or MPA on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of EC cells were evaluated by 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, invasion assay, and gelatin zymography, respectively. RESULTS: 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine significantly increased the expression of PR and its downstream targets by demethylating PR promoter in both Ishikawa and KLE cells. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine combined with MPA synergistically suppressed the EC cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis. Furthermore, 5-aza-CdR synergized with MPA to inhibit the invasion of EC cells, perhaps owing to the down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity. CONCLUSIONS: 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and MPA synergistically inhibit EC cell growth and invasion. Their combined use may provide a new effective therapeutic opportunity for endometrial carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE:Progesterone has been proven to have limited effects on endometrial cancers (ECs), mainly owing to the down-regulation of progesterone receptor (PR). Here, we explored whether 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR), a demethylating agent, could enhance the susceptibility of EC cells to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). METHODS: Ishikawa and KLE cell lines were treated with 5-aza-CdR and/or MPA. The expression of PR, PR target genes, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Promoter methylation was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The effects of 5-aza-CdR and/or MPA on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of EC cells were evaluated by 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, invasion assay, and gelatin zymography, respectively. RESULTS:5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine significantly increased the expression of PR and its downstream targets by demethylating PR promoter in both Ishikawa and KLE cells. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine combined with MPA synergistically suppressed the EC cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis. Furthermore, 5-aza-CdR synergized with MPA to inhibit the invasion of EC cells, perhaps owing to the down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity. CONCLUSIONS:5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and MPA synergistically inhibit EC cell growth and invasion. Their combined use may provide a new effective therapeutic opportunity for endometrial carcinoma.