Xingqun Ma1, Yu Sun, Shouju Wang, Zhijian Yang, Yong Song. 1. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command, Clinical School of the Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a poor prognosis factor in patients with advanced lung cancer. The aim of this study is to establish a mouse model of MPE using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell lines expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). METHODS: The mouse model was created by injecting LLC-EGFP cells directly into the pleural cavity of mice that were sacrificed periodically. The dynamic growth and metastasis of tumor cells were screened using in vivo fluorescence imaging. The remaining mice were subjected to transverse computed tomography (CT) imaging periodically to analyze the formation rate of pleural effusion. The survival rate and tumor metastasis were also observed. Pleural fluid was gently aspirated using a 1 mL syringe and its volume was measured. When two or more mice bore pleural effusion at the same time, we calculated the average volume. The correlation of pleural effusion with the integrated optical density (IOD) were analyzed. RESULTS: Four days after the inoculation of LLC-EGFP cells, green fluorescence was observed by opening the chest wall. The tumor formation rate was 100%, and the IOD gradually increased after inoculation. The metastasis sites were mediastinal, and the hilar lymph nodes were contralateral pleural as well as pericardial. The metastasis rates were 87%, 73% and 20%, respectively. The CT scan revealed that the formation rates of pleural effusion on days 7, 14 and 21 were 13%, 46% and 53%, respectively. The average volume of pleural effusion increased obviously on day 10 and peaked on day 16 with a value of 0.5 mL. The mean survival time of nude mice was 28.8 days. The volume of pleural effusion and IOD were significantly correlated (r=0.91, P<0.000,1). CONCLUSIONS: A mouse model of lung cancer malignant pleural effusion was successfully established by injecting LLC lines expressing EGFP into the pleural cavity under a microscope. The model can enable dynamic observations of the biological behavior of tumor cells in the pleural cavity. It might be helpful for basic research on advanced lung cancer as well as anti-tumor drug development.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a poor prognosis factor in patients with advanced lung cancer. The aim of this study is to establish a mouse model of MPE using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell lines expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). METHODS: The mouse model was created by injecting LLC-EGFP cells directly into the pleural cavity of mice that were sacrificed periodically. The dynamic growth and metastasis of tumor cells were screened using in vivo fluorescence imaging. The remaining mice were subjected to transverse computed tomography (CT) imaging periodically to analyze the formation rate of pleural effusion. The survival rate and tumor metastasis were also observed. Pleural fluid was gently aspirated using a 1 mL syringe and its volume was measured. When two or more mice bore pleural effusion at the same time, we calculated the average volume. The correlation of pleural effusion with the integrated optical density (IOD) were analyzed. RESULTS: Four days after the inoculation of LLC-EGFP cells, green fluorescence was observed by opening the chest wall. The tumor formation rate was 100%, and the IOD gradually increased after inoculation. The metastasis sites were mediastinal, and the hilar lymph nodes were contralateral pleural as well as pericardial. The metastasis rates were 87%, 73% and 20%, respectively. The CT scan revealed that the formation rates of pleural effusion on days 7, 14 and 21 were 13%, 46% and 53%, respectively. The average volume of pleural effusion increased obviously on day 10 and peaked on day 16 with a value of 0.5 mL. The mean survival time of nude mice was 28.8 days. The volume of pleural effusion and IOD were significantly correlated (r=0.91, P<0.000,1). CONCLUSIONS: A mouse model of lung cancer malignant pleural effusion was successfully established by injecting LLC lines expressing EGFP into the pleural cavity under a microscope. The model can enable dynamic observations of the biological behavior of tumor cells in the pleural cavity. It might be helpful for basic research on advanced lung cancer as well as anti-tumor drug development.
① 术后每天观察动物一般状态,包括进食、活动、外观、对外界刺激的反应。②观察肿瘤生长:接种后第4天开始,每隔3天随机麻醉处死3只动物,拟观察时间为3周。解剖荷瘤鼠,分别于自然光源和激发光源下拍照,使用小动物活体成像系统检测GFP的表达。③其余小鼠在发现GFP表达后第3天,行胸部CT检查,观察该时间点的胸水形成并计算成胸水率;第14天及第21天重复检查并计算成胸水率。发现胸水的小鼠在耳朵上做小切口以示标记,观察与无胸水小鼠的生存时间差异。当裸鼠出现恶病质后,解剖荷瘤鼠,肉眼观察肿瘤生长情况及周围脏器受累情况,并拍照。④所有小鼠解剖时先暴露腹腔,用1 mL注射器在双侧横隔下抽吸胸水,并计量,若同一时间获得多份胸水标本,计算其平均体积,胸水涂片行脱落细胞学检查。⑤取胸膜上肿瘤组织行HE染色。
Dynamic observation of fluorescence imaging of tumor in the cavity of nude mice after LLC-EGFP cells inoculation. A: Green fluorescence was scaned in the right parietal pleural at day 4 (arrow); B: Contralateral pleural metastasis, mediastinal and hilar lymph node metastasis were found at day 10; C: Tumor volume and tumor foci were also obviously increased at day 16; D: The whole chest was entirely occupied at day 25.
活体荧光成像动态观察肿瘤细胞接种后裸鼠胸腔内肿瘤生长。A:第4天右侧壁层胸膜上可见绿色荧光表达(箭头所示);B:第10天肿瘤向对侧胸膜、纵膈和肺门淋巴结转移;C:第16天转移灶数量逐渐增多,体积逐渐增加;D:第25天肿瘤组织填满整个胸腔。Dynamic observation of fluorescence imaging of tumor in the cavity of nude mice after LLC-EGFP cells inoculation. A: Green fluorescence was scaned in the right parietal pleural at day 4 (arrow); B: Contralateral pleural metastasis, mediastinal and hilar lymph node metastasis were found at day 10; C: Tumor volume and tumor foci were also obviously increased at day 16; D: The whole chest was entirely occupied at day 25.
Continuous observation of malignant pleural effusion via CT imagines on nude mise after LLC-EGFP cells inoculation. A: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) was scaned in the right cavity at day 7 (arrow); B: A developing pleural effusion can be seen in the bilateral cavity at day 14 (arrows); C: The volume was slightly decreased at day 21 (arrows).
Histology of pleural tumors and cytology of malignant pleural effusions in nude mice. A: Section through a small parietal pleural Lewis lung cancer implantation stained with hematoxylin and eosin shows that pleural tumors consisted of adenocarcinomatous cells; B: Tumors grew on the pleural surface. C: Representative photomicrograph of a cytospin from several specimens of malignant pleural effusion stained with modified Wright's-Giemsa stain, LLC cells with large nuclei and visible nucleoli (arrow)(×200).
Survival curve of nude mice. 15 mice died during 25 d -31 d and the average survival time was 28.8 d. Mice bearing pleural effusion appeared emaciated, loss of appetite, shortness of breath and insensitivity to external stimuli at 20 d after LLC-EGFP cells inoculation. The survival time was shorter compared to nude mice without pleural effusion.
Observation of nude mouse after thoracic anatomy. A: The general picture; B: Fluorescence imaging. Compared to the general picture, the fluorescence imaging is more clear to detect minor tumours.
胸部CT连续观察同一只裸鼠胸腔积液形成。A:第7天见右侧胸腔积液;B:第14天出现双侧胸腔积液,体积较前增加;C:第21天见胸腔积液稍减少(箭头所示)。Continuous observation of malignant pleural effusion via CT imagines on nude mise after LLC-EGFP cells inoculation. A: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) was scaned in the right cavity at day 7 (arrow); B: A developing pleural effusion can be seen in the bilateral cavity at day 14 (arrows); C: The volume was slightly decreased at day 21 (arrows).胸膜肿瘤的组织学检查和胸水脱落细胞学检查。A:胸膜上的肿瘤组织行HE染色,提示肿瘤由腺癌细胞构成;B:肿瘤侵润壁层胸膜;C:胸水涂片用改良型吉姆萨染色行脱落细胞检查,提示LLC细胞核大、深染(×200)。Histology of pleural tumors and cytology of malignant pleural effusions in nude mice. A: Section through a small parietal pleural Lewis lung cancer implantation stained with hematoxylin and eosin shows that pleural tumors consisted of adenocarcinomatous cells; B: Tumors grew on the pleural surface. C: Representative photomicrograph of a cytospin from several specimens of malignant pleural effusion stained with modified Wright's-Giemsa stain, LLC cells with large nuclei and visible nucleoli (arrow)(×200).裸鼠生存时间曲线。15只小鼠分别在25天-31天内死亡,平均生存时间为28.8天。有胸水小鼠在20天以后出现消瘦,进食减少,呼吸急促,对外界刺激的反应差,生存时间较无胸水小鼠偏短。Survival curve of nude mice. 15 mice died during 25 d -31 d and the average survival time was 28.8 d. Mice bearing pleural effusion appeared emaciated, loss of appetite, shortness of breath and insensitivity to external stimuli at 20 d after LLC-EGFP cells inoculation. The survival time was shorter compared to nude mice without pleural effusion.裸鼠自然死亡肿瘤的解剖观察。A:大体观察;B:荧光照片。整体荧光成像对微小转移灶显像比自然光下大体照片显像更为清晰。Observation of nude mouse after thoracic anatomy. A: The general picture; B: Fluorescence imaging. Compared to the general picture, the fluorescence imaging is more clear to detect minor tumours.
胸腔积液形成曲线绘制,胸水体积与肿瘤积分光密度的相关性分析
36只小鼠完成实验,共17只小鼠有胸腔积液。第10天胸水平均体积逐渐增加,第16天达到高峰,最大量为0.5 mL,后期胸水量稍有下降。胸水形成曲线与影像学观察结果基本一致(图 6)。小鼠在荧光体视显微镜下拍照,经过后期DT2000图像分析软件处理肿瘤积分光密度。对胸水体积和积分光密度进行相关性分析,两者之间成线性关系,小鼠的胸水量与对应的积分光密度明显相关(r=0.91, P < 0.000, 1)(图 7)。
The formation curve of malignant pleural effusion. The nude mouse were sacrificed periodically after incubation, bloody pleural effusion was seen at day 10 and the volume was 0.1 mL. Mean volume of pleural fluid increased gradually after inoculation, which reached in a peak at day 16 and the value is 0.5 mL. Since then, it maintained between 0.3 mL-0.4 mL.
7
胸水体积和积分光密度之间的相关性分析。小鼠的胸水体积与其积分光密度值明显相关(r=0.91, P < 0.000, 1)。
Correlation analysis of the pleural fluid volume and the integral optical density after incubation. Significant correlation (r=0.91, P < 0.000, 1) were observed between pleural fluid volume and integral optical density.
胸腔积液生成曲线:接种后第10天发现血性胸腔积液,量约0.1 mL,随接种时间延长,胸水平均体积逐渐增加,第16天达到高峰0.5 mL,此后维持在0.3 mL-04 mL之间。The formation curve of malignant pleural effusion. The nude mouse were sacrificed periodically after incubation, bloody pleural effusion was seen at day 10 and the volume was 0.1 mL. Mean volume of pleural fluid increased gradually after inoculation, which reached in a peak at day 16 and the value is 0.5 mL. Since then, it maintained between 0.3 mL-0.4 mL.胸水体积和积分光密度之间的相关性分析。小鼠的胸水体积与其积分光密度值明显相关(r=0.91, P < 0.000, 1)。Correlation analysis of the pleural fluid volume and the integral optical density after incubation. Significant correlation (r=0.91, P < 0.000, 1) were observed between pleural fluid volume and integral optical density.
Authors: Georgios T Stathopoulos; Zhiwen Zhu; M Brett Everhart; Ioannis Kalomenidis; William E Lawson; Semra Bilaceroglu; Todd E Peterson; Daphne Mitchell; Fiona E Yull; Richard W Light; Timothy S Blackwell Journal: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol Date: 2005-10-06 Impact factor: 6.914
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