Effects of glucam P-20, vanillin, and fixolide on mosquito repellency of citronella oil lotions.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three fragrance fixatives, Glucam P-20, Vanillin, and Fixolide, on the mosquito repellent property of citronella oil lotions. In the current study, two formulae (A and B) of oil-in-water citronella oil lotions were formulated using different ingredients (emulsifiers [Cremophors or Emulwax], stiffening agents, and emollients). Citronella oil was used at 10% wt:wt. The weight ratios tested between citronella oil and each fixative were 1:0.25, 1:0.5, and 1:1. Overall, 20 formulations, including one with no fixatives for both A and B, were produced, A1-A10 and B1-B10. The repellent activities of these 20 lotions against Aedes aegypti (L.) were tested using a human-bait technique. The types and concentrations of fixatives as well as the compositions of the formulations did affect the protection time of the citronella oil lotions. The lotion containing Emulwax and 5% vanillin (B6) was the most effective repellent. It provided the longest protection time of 4.8 h, which exceeded the minimum requirement of 2 h set by the National Institute of Health, Thailand. The shortest protection time (1 h) was observed in the lotion containing Emulwax and 2.5% Glucam P-20 (B2). It could be concluded that the tested fixatives affected the repellent activity of the citronella oil lotions.