OBJECTIVE: We investigated suspected longitudinal interaction effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and educational attainment on cognitive decline in normal aging. METHOD: Our sample consisted of 571 healthy, nondemented adults aged between 49 and 82 years. Linear mixed-models analyses were performed with four measurement time points: baseline, 3-year, 6-year, and 12-year follow-up. Covariates included age at baseline, sex, and self-perceived physical and mental health. Dependent measures were global cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Examination; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975), Stroop performance (Stroop Color-Word Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006a), set-shifting performance (Concept Shifting Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006b), cognitive speed (Letter-Digit Substitution Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006c), verbal learning (Verbal Learning Test: Sum of five trials; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2005), and long-term memory (Verbal Learning Test: Delayed recall). RESULTS: We found only faint evidence that older, high-educated carriers of the APOE-ε4 allele (irrespective of zygosity) show a more pronounced decline than younger, low-educated carriers and noncarriers (irrespective of educational attainment). Moreover, this outcome was confined to concept-shifting performance and was especially observable between 6- and 12-year follow-ups. No protective effects of higher education were found on any of the six cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the combination of APOE-ε4 allele and high educational attainment may be a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline in older age, as has been reported before, but only to a very limited extent. Moreover, we conclude that, within the cognitive reserve framework, education does not have significant protective power against age-related cognitive decline.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated suspected longitudinal interaction effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and educational attainment on cognitive decline in normal aging. METHOD: Our sample consisted of 571 healthy, nondemented adults aged between 49 and 82 years. Linear mixed-models analyses were performed with four measurement time points: baseline, 3-year, 6-year, and 12-year follow-up. Covariates included age at baseline, sex, and self-perceived physical and mental health. Dependent measures were global cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Examination; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975), Stroop performance (Stroop Color-Word Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006a), set-shifting performance (Concept Shifting Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006b), cognitive speed (Letter-Digit Substitution Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006c), verbal learning (Verbal Learning Test: Sum of five trials; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2005), and long-term memory (Verbal Learning Test: Delayed recall). RESULTS: We found only faint evidence that older, high-educated carriers of the APOE-ε4 allele (irrespective of zygosity) show a more pronounced decline than younger, low-educated carriers and noncarriers (irrespective of educational attainment). Moreover, this outcome was confined to concept-shifting performance and was especially observable between 6- and 12-year follow-ups. No protective effects of higher education were found on any of the six cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the combination of APOE-ε4 allele and high educational attainment may be a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline in older age, as has been reported before, but only to a very limited extent. Moreover, we conclude that, within the cognitive reserve framework, education does not have significant protective power against age-related cognitive decline.
Authors: Richard J Caselli; Amylou C Dueck; Dona E C Locke; Leslie C Baxter; Bryan K Woodruff; Yonas E Geda Journal: J Int Neuropsychol Soc Date: 2015-02-09 Impact factor: 2.892
Authors: Eero Vuoksimaa; Matthew S Panizzon; Chi-Hua Chen; Lisa T Eyler; Christine Fennema-Notestine; Mark Joseph A Fiecas; Bruce Fischl; Carol E Franz; Michael D Grant; Amy J Jak; Michael J Lyons; Michael C Neale; Wesley K Thompson; Ming T Tsuang; Hong Xian; Anders M Dale; William S Kremen Journal: Neuropsychologia Date: 2013-03-13 Impact factor: 3.139
Authors: Kyu Yeong Choi; Jang Jae Lee; Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran; Sarang Kang; Wooje Lee; Jangho Jeong; Ho Jae Lim; Xiaoling Zhang; Congcong Zhu; So-Yoon Won; Yu Yong Choi; Eun Hyun Seo; Seok Cheol Lee; Jungsoo Gim; Ji Yeon Chung; Ari Chong; Min Soo Byun; Sujin Seo; Pan-Woo Ko; Ji-Won Han; Catriona McLean; John Farrell; Kathryn L Lunetta; Akinori Miyashita; Norikazu Hara; Sungho Won; Seong-Min Choi; Jung-Min Ha; Jee Hyang Jeong; Ryozo Kuwano; Min Kyung Song; Seong Soo A An; Young Min Lee; Kyung Won Park; Ho-Won Lee; Seong Hye Choi; Sangmyung Rhee; Woo Keun Song; Jung Sup Lee; Richard Mayeux; Jonathan L Haines; Margaret A Pericak-Vance; I L Han Choo; Kwangsik Nho; Ki-Woong Kim; Dong Young Lee; SangYun Kim; Byeong C Kim; Hoowon Kim; Gyungah R Jun; Gerard D Schellenberg; Takeshi Ikeuchi; Lindsay A Farrer; Kun Ho Lee; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initative Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2019-08-16 Impact factor: 4.241