PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To present scientific evidence supporting the infectious origin for the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) by molecular mimicry between pathogens, infection and vaccination with β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) molecule. RECENT FINDINGS: APS is characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies against β2-GPI. The infection etiology of APS was well established. Likewise, a link between vaccination such as tetanus toxoid may trigger antibodies targeting tetanus toxoid and β2-GPI, due to molecular mimicry between the two molecules. During the years, the pathogenic potential of anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies cross reactive with β2-GPI were found to be pathogenic in animal models, inducing experimental APS. SUMMARY: Accumulated evidence supports that the presence of anti-β2-GPI antibodies is associated with a history of infections and the main mechanism to explain this correlation is molecular mimicry. The relationship between tetanus toxoid vaccination and APS reveals a novel view on the autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA).
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To present scientific evidence supporting the infectious origin for the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) by molecular mimicry between pathogens, infection and vaccination with β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) molecule. RECENT FINDINGS:APS is characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies against β2-GPI. The infection etiology of APS was well established. Likewise, a link between vaccination such as tetanus toxoid may trigger antibodies targeting tetanus toxoid and β2-GPI, due to molecular mimicry between the two molecules. During the years, the pathogenic potential of anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies cross reactive with β2-GPI were found to be pathogenic in animal models, inducing experimental APS. SUMMARY: Accumulated evidence supports that the presence of anti-β2-GPI antibodies is associated with a history of infections and the main mechanism to explain this correlation is molecular mimicry. The relationship between tetanus toxoid vaccination and APS reveals a novel view on the autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA).
Authors: Jose M Morales; Jose Angel Martinez-Flores; Manuel Serrano; Maria José Castro; Francisco Javier Alfaro; Florencio García; Miguel Angel Martínez; Amado Andrés; Esther González; Manuel Praga; Estela Paz-Artal; Antonio Serrano Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2014-07-28 Impact factor: 10.121
Authors: F Scanzi; L Andreoli; M Martinelli; M Taraborelli; I Cavazzana; N Carabellese; R Ottaviani; F Allegri; F Franceschini; N Agmon-Levin; Y Shoenfeld; Angela Tincani Journal: Immunol Res Date: 2017-02 Impact factor: 4.505