Modern electrophysiology mapping techniques.

Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (EAM) techniques have been developed to assist with the treatment of complex arrhythmias in the electrophysiology laboratory. The most common techniques are contact and non-contact EAM, which have been demonstrated to reduce fluoroscopic exposure and procedural duration. Accuracy has been further enhanced by the integration of these techniques with imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and real-time ultrasound. In addition, EAM utilising high-density surface electrocardiograms in conjunction with cardiac imaging is being explored as a non-invasive technique for mapping complex arrhythmias. This review will summarise the most recent developments in three-dimensional arrhythmia mapping.