OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the effect of breastfeeding on childhood measures of adiposity differs across percentiles of childhood body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue deposition, ratio of subcutaneous to triceps skinfold (STR), and intramyocellular lipid accumulation (IMCL). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Denver, Colorado. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-two children and adolescents aged 6 to 13 years participating in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among Children study (EPOCH) with material recall of infant diet. MAIN EXPOSURE: Adequate (≥6 breast milk-months) vs low (<6 breast milk-months) neonatal breastfeeding status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean and percentile differences in BMI, SAT, VAT, STR, and IMCL between children who had adequate compared with low levels of breastfeeding. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean levels of childhood adiposity levels between adequate and low breastfeeding status were detected using linear regression models. However, in quantile regression models, adequate breastfeeding was associated with lower levels of adiposity levels for those in the upper percentiles (>60th percentile for VAT, 85th and 95th percentiles for BMI, and 95th percentiles for SAT and STR) and a null effect for those at the 50th percentile or lower. These effects were independent of sociodemographic, perinatal, and current lifestyle factors. We found no relationship between breastfeeding and IMCL at any percentile of the distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Rather than shifting the entire distribution of adiposity-related measures in childhood, breastfeeding selectively protects against extremes in body size and fat deposition, reinforcing the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding as the optimal infant diet.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the effect of breastfeeding on childhood measures of adiposity differs across percentiles of childhood body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue deposition, ratio of subcutaneous to triceps skinfold (STR), and intramyocellular lipid accumulation (IMCL). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Denver, Colorado. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-two children and adolescents aged 6 to 13 years participating in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among Children study (EPOCH) with material recall of infant diet. MAIN EXPOSURE: Adequate (≥6 breast milk-months) vs low (<6 breast milk-months) neonatal breastfeeding status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean and percentile differences in BMI, SAT, VAT, STR, and IMCL between children who had adequate compared with low levels of breastfeeding. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean levels of childhood adiposity levels between adequate and low breastfeeding status were detected using linear regression models. However, in quantile regression models, adequate breastfeeding was associated with lower levels of adiposity levels for those in the upper percentiles (>60th percentile for VAT, 85th and 95th percentiles for BMI, and 95th percentiles for SAT and STR) and a null effect for those at the 50th percentile or lower. These effects were independent of sociodemographic, perinatal, and current lifestyle factors. We found no relationship between breastfeeding and IMCL at any percentile of the distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Rather than shifting the entire distribution of adiposity-related measures in childhood, breastfeeding selectively protects against extremes in body size and fat deposition, reinforcing the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding as the optimal infant diet.