Percutaneous aspiration of lumbar zygapophyseal joint synovial cyst under fluoroscopic guidance -A case report-.

A 51-year-old man with a 1-month history of lower back pain and radiating pain visited to our pain clinic. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan demonstrated a cyst like mass at the level of the L4-5 interspace and compression of the thecal sac and the nerve root on the right side. We performed percutaneous needle aspiration of the lumbar zygapophyseal joint synovial cyst under fluoroscopic guidance. The patient felt an immediate relief of symptoms after the aspiration, and had no signs or symptoms of recurrence at the follow-up 6 months later. No demonstrable lesion was found in the 6 months follow-up MRI.

Synovial cysts from the capsule of a lumbar zygapophysial joint (Z-joint) can produce symptoms consistent with an extradural space-occupying lesion. These symptoms, include axial pain, and radiculopathy. Traditional interventions include either conservative or surgical management [1,2]. A variety of minimally invasive percutaneous Z-joint [3-5] and intracystic procedures have been employed [6-9]. This report introduces a minimally invasive technique for treating synovial cysts.

Case Report

The patient was a 51-year-old man with a 1-month history of lower back pain. At the onset, the pain radiated to the right buttock with a tingling sensation down his right lower limb posteriorly to his ankle. He also complained of numbness in his right foot. The pain was aggravated by sitting and standing, coughing, and sneezing. He did not report any difficulty with bowel, bladder, or sexual function. On physical examination, a straight leg-raising test of the right leg was positive at 60 degrees. The deep tendon reflexes were 2+ on the both knees and ankles.

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan demonstrated a mass at the level of the L4-5 interspace and, compression of the thecal sac and the nerve root on the right side (Fig. 1); it was not possible to determine whether the lesion was completely extradural or partially intradural. Owing to the signal characteristics, a synovial cyst arising from the medial aspect of the facet joint was suspected to adhere to the entire length of the nerve root sleeve.

Fig. 1

This figure shows the sagittal and axial magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine. The proton-weighted sagittal image of the lumbar spine (A) demonstrates the presence of a large mass at the level of the lower part of the L5 body. In the T2-weighted axial view (B) the mass appears to be medial to the facet joint. A peripheral zone of calcification surrounds the mass. The central lucency might be air or fat. The appearance is compatible with a synovial cyst arising from the facet joint.

The patient was placed in the prone position on the procedure table. The skin entry point was anesthetized. A 22-gauge 3.5-inch spinal needle was advanced under fluoroscopic guidance into the right L5/S1 zygapophysial joint. By injecting the right L5/S1 zygapophysial joint with contrast, a right synovial cyst was identified under fluoroscopy. A second 22-gauge 3.5-inch spinal needle was introduced into the cyst directly with a right paramedian, interlaminar approach under fluoroscopic guidance (Fig. 2). Serosanguinous fluid 1.0 ml was aspirated, and triamcinolone acetate 10 mg was injected into the cyst. The patient felt an immediate relief of symptoms after the aspiration, and had no signs or symptoms of recurrence at the follow-up 6 months later. No demonstrable lesion was found in the 6 months follow-up MRI (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2

This figure shows a fluoroscopic view of a synovial cyst distention (A), a second spinal needle in the cyst (B,C), and a fluoroscopic view of Z-point cyst rupture with epidural spread (D).

Fig. 3

This figure shows sagittal (A) and axial (B) magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine 6 months after cyst aspiration.

Discussion

Lumbar Z-joint synovial cysts usually originate from the Z-joint capsule. The cyst can be lined with synovium and contain serous, gelatinous, or hemorrhagic fluid [10]. The development of Z-joint synovial cysts is linked to degenerative spondylosis, segmental instability and perhaps trauma [1]. At least 1% of all lumbar radicular pain may be the result of Z-joint synovial cysts [10]. Z-joint synovial cysts are frequently associated with a narrowed spinal canal caused by stenosis, so Z-joint synovial cysts easily become symptomatic [11].

Accurate diagnosis of Z-joint synovial cyst results in a number of therapeutic implications. Facet joint injection with steroid and long-acting anesthetic can provide temporary or prolonged pain relief [3,4,12] which may be of value in patients unfit for surgery. Indirect aspiration via the facet joint can be effective, and direct aspiration under fluoroscopic guidance has been successful [12]. Surgery, to relieve sciatica caused by a Z-joint synovial cyst is effective in a high proportion of patients [2,4]. Minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of lumbar synovial cyst seem to eliminate many of the risks of traditional surgical techniques [13]. In this case, direct needle aspiration of the cyst was performed, and this less invasive procedure may be employed as an alternative to surgery. Since the cyst may spontaneously decompress, conservative treatment can be beneficial. However, surgery may be required if this treatment fails [13].

Z-joint synovial cysts are treated with an interlaminar or intra-articular approach. Direct cyst puncture may cause a dural puncture if performed using a translaminar approach. Most of the reports prefer an intra-articular approach in performing cyst aspiration [10]. However, in using the intra-articular approach, aspiration of cyst fluid is often difficult because of the relative ball-valve effect, which occurs as negative pressure is applied. Bureau et al. [5] described a technique used to rupture the cyst by injecting the joint or inferior joint recess with as much as 3 ml of betamethasone and bupivacaine, followed by 1-5 ml injection of normal saline. Rupture of the cyst was accomplished in 50% of cases, with pain relief in 9 out of 12 patients.

Researchers have attempted interventions involving the Z-joint synovial cyst itself. Jacob et al. [6] introduced a 20-gauge spinal needle into the cyst and aspirated 1.0 ml of fluid under CT guidance. Dexamethasone 0.5 ml was infused directly into the cyst. The patient was asymptomatic within 3 days, and remained pain free at the 18-month follow-up. Koenigsberg [7] positioned a 22-gauge spinal needle into the cyst and fluid was aspirated under CT guidance with no contrast solution used. The patient had immediate partial pain relief, followed by complete relief on the third day following the procedure. MRI at the 10-day follow up showed collapse of the cyst. Lim et al. [8] passed a 22-gauge needle into a cyst under CT guidance, and injected 20 mg of triamcinolone and 1 ml of bupivacaine. The patient reported immediate complete relief of pain, and remained pain-free for 9 months after the treatment. After multiple interventions to aspirate and drain the cyst through the Z-joint, Gishen and Miller [9] used CT guidance to aspirate the cyst through the lamina with a bone biopsy needle. Long-term resolution of symptoms occurred and MRI taken after a year showed no recurrence. Complete regression of the cyst seems to occur only with complete rupture [5].

In our patient, direct puncture of the cyst was accomplished using an interlaminar approach with fluoroscopic guidance. Cyst puncture was performed with live fluoroscopy, to ensure the position of the needle within the contrast-filled cyst. The patient derived complete resolution of his right limb radicular pain after puncture of a Z-joint synovial cyst and remained pain-free at the 6 month follow-up. The patient had no dural puncture, or any additional complications.