Thermodynamic properties and structural stability of thorium dioxide.

Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have systematically investigated the thermodynamic properties and structural stabilities of thorium dioxide (ThO(2)). Based on the calculated phonon dispersion curves, we have calculated the thermal expansion coefficient, bulk modulus, and heat capacities at different temperatures for ThO(2) under the quasi-harmonic approximation. All the results are in good agreement with corresponding experiments proving the validity of our methods. Our theoretical studies can aid a clearer understanding of the thermodynamic behaviors of ThO(2) at different temperatures. In addition, we have also studied possible defect formations and diffusion behaviors of helium in ThO(2), to discuss its structural stability. It is found that in intrinsic ThO(2) without any Fermi energy shifts, the interstitial Th(i)(4+) defect rather than oxygen or thorium vacancies, interstitial oxygen, or any kinds of Frenkel pairs, is the most probable to form with an energy release of 1.74 eV. However, after upshifting the Fermi energy, the formation of the other defects also becomes possible. Regarding helium diffusion, we find that only through the thorium vacancy can it occur with the small energy barrier of 0.52 eV. Otherwise, helium atoms can hardly incorporate or diffuse in ThO(2). Our results indicate that upward shifting of the Fermi energy of ThO(2) should be prevented to avoid the formation of thorium vacancies so as to avert helium caused damage.