Decreased bone mineralization in children with Noonan syndrome: another consequence of dysregulated RAS MAPKinase pathway?

INTRODUCTION: Noonan syndrome (NS) is a disorder of RAS- mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with clinical features of skeletal dysplasia. This pathway is essential for regulation of cell differentiation and growth including bone homeostasis. Currently, limited information exists regarding bone mineralization in NS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bone mineralization was evaluated in 12 subjects (mean age 8.7 years) with clinical features of NS. All subjects underwent genetic testing which showed mutations in PTPN11 gene (N=8) and SOS1 gene (N=1). In a subgroup of subjects with low bone mass, indices of calcium-phosphate metabolism and bone turnover were obtained.
RESULTS: 50% of subjects had low bone mass as measured by DXA. Z-scores for bone mineral content (BMC) were calculated based on age, gender, height, and ethnicity. Mean BMC z-score was marginally decreased at -0.89 {95% CI -2.01 to 0.23; p=0.1}. Mean total body bone mineral density (BMD) z-score was significantly reduced at -1.87 {95% CI -2.73 to -1.0; p=0.001}. Mean height percentile was close to - 2 SD for this cohort, thus total body BMD z-scores were recalculated, adjusting for height age. Adjusted mean total body BMD z-score was less reduced but still significant at -0.82 {95% CI -1.39 to -0.25; p=0.009}. Biochemical evaluation for bone turnover was unremarkable except serum IGF-I and IGF-BP3 levels which were low-normal for age. DISCUSSION: Children with NS have a significantly lower total body BMD compared to age, gender, ethnicity and height matched controls. In addition, total BMC appears to trend lower in children with NS compared to controls. We conclude that the metabolic bone disease present resulted from a subtle variation in the interplay of osteoclast and osteoblast activity, without clear abnormalities being defined in the metabolism of either. Clinical significance of this finding needs to be validated by larger longitudinal studies. Also, histomorphometric analysis of bone tissue from NS patients and mouse model of NS may further elucidate the relationship between the RAS-MAPK pathway and skeletal homeostasis.