Prescription drug monitoring programs, a response to doctor shopping: purpose, effectiveness, and directions for future research.

Prescription drug abuse is a major worldwide problem and its incidence is on the rise, resulting in a huge societal cost. Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are electronic databases that collect data on controlled substances so that health care providers can access the data and deter abuse, doctor shopping, and diversion. Currently only a few countries, including the United States and France, have operational PDMPs. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on prescription drug monitoring programs. There is a paucity of research articles in this area; only 11 articles were published on this topic and relevant in the last ten years. Four themes were identified, (1) the effect of PDMPs on prescribing practices and the effect of PDMPs on the public, (2) the effect of PDMPs on prescribing practices and multiple provider episodes, (3) the effect of PDMPs on prescribing practices and characteristics of patients, and (4) health care professionals' perspectives on PDMPs. Studies have shown that PDMPs decrease diversion and doctor shopping. Despite implementation of PDMPs, prescription drug rates for controlled substances and abuse rates have risen. There is an urgent need for understanding and research on this topic so that action can be taken.