Microstructural impact of anodic coatings on the electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction.

Sol-gel Ru(0.3)Sn(0.7)O(2) electrode coatings with crack-free and mud-crack surface morphology deposited onto a Ti-substrate are prepared for a comparative investigation of the microstructural effect on the electrochemical activity for Cl(2) production and the Cl(2) bubble evolution behaviour. For comparison, a state-of-the-art mud-crack commercial Ru(0.3)Ti(0.7)O(2) coating is used. The compact coating is potentially durable over a long term compared to the mud-crack coating due to the reduced penetration of the electrolyte. Ti L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms that a TiO(x) interlayer is formed between the mud-crack Ru(0.3)Sn(0.7)O(2) coating and the underlying Ti-substrate due to the attack of the electrolyte. Meanwhile, the compact coating shows enhanced activity in comparison to the commercial coating, benefiting from the nanoparticle-nanoporosity architecture. The dependence of the overall electrode polarization behaviour on the local activity and the bubble evolution behaviour for the Ru(0.3)Sn(0.7)O(2) coatings with different surface microstructure are evaluated by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy and microscopic bubble imaging.