A Call to Action: Alcohol Interventions in HIV-Infected Patients.

In a recent issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Cho et al. (2012) provided an interesting and very comprehensive description of an alcohol-dependent patient affected by alcoholic liver disease with fibrosis, brain abscess due to toxoplasma, and advanced HIV infection. This case report is a good reminder of three important clinical issues, i.e. (a) HIV-infected alcoholic patients drink more than the general population, alcohol is their most commonly abused drug and contributes to HIV-related morbidity, mortality, and transmission (Fenton et al., 2010); (b) HIV-infected alcoholic patients often have hepatic impairment because of alcohol's effects on liver, HCV coinfection, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related hepatotoxicity risk (Szabo and Zakhari, 2011); indeed, alcohol alone, like in this patient (Cho et al., 2012), can be harmful enough to develop clinically significant ALD – notably, in this patient ALD delayed ART initiation (Cho et al., 2012), which may have contributed to further clinical deterioration; (c) Alcohol interventions are dramatically needed for HIV-infected patients. This patient had declined treatment, e.g., disulfiram (Cho et al., 2012), a drug that itself might cause liver failure (Edwards et al., 2011). Though preliminary research is searching for safer and more effective pharmacotherapies (e.g., Addolorato et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2008; Leggio et al., 2011, 2012), this case (Cho et al., 2012) highlights the need to identify novel pharmacotherapies for alcoholic patients with ALD in order to provide effective interventions that both promote abstinence and help prevent progression to hepatic failure and death.