OBJECTIVE: This prospective cross-sectional study design was performed to define reference values for the facial surfaces of 3-6-year-old boys and girls using three-dimensional surface cephalometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2290 standardized three-dimensional facial images from 3 to 6-year-old preschool children were separated by gender and assigned to four age categories. All children were Caucasian and revealed no evidence of dentofacial abnormalities. On each image, 31 cephalometric landmarks were marked, resulting in 35 (19 frontal, six lateral, 10 paired) distances and eight angles. Differences between age groups and genders were calculated and significances detected. RESULTS: A base table with reference values was compiled, which indicated that boys showed higher values than age-matched girls and that measured distances increased with age. CONCLUSION: The mean values from this study could be compiled as a reference table for three-dimensional facial analysis in Caucasian children aged 3-6 years. Such a reference table could be used in comparative studies with other populations or children with craniofacial malformations.
OBJECTIVE: This prospective cross-sectional study design was performed to define reference values for the facial surfaces of 3-6-year-old boys and girls using three-dimensional surface cephalometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2290 standardized three-dimensional facial images from 3 to 6-year-old preschool children were separated by gender and assigned to four age categories. All children were Caucasian and revealed no evidence of dentofacial abnormalities. On each image, 31 cephalometric landmarks were marked, resulting in 35 (19 frontal, six lateral, 10 paired) distances and eight angles. Differences between age groups and genders were calculated and significances detected. RESULTS: A base table with reference values was compiled, which indicated that boys showed higher values than age-matched girls and that measured distances increased with age. CONCLUSION: The mean values from this study could be compiled as a reference table for three-dimensional facial analysis in Caucasian children aged 3-6 years. Such a reference table could be used in comparative studies with other populations or children with craniofacial malformations.
Authors: Rafael Denadai; Junior Chun-Yu Tu; Ya-Ru Tsai; Yi-Ning Tsai; Emma Yuh-Jia Hsieh; Betty Cj Pai; Chih-Hao Chen; Alex Kane; Lun-Jou Lo; Pang-Yun Chou Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2019-11-12 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Stefan Kindler; Till Ittermann; Robin Bülow; Birte Holtfreter; Catharina Klausenitz; Philine Metelmann; Maria Mksoud; Christiane Pink; Christian Seebauer; Thomas Kocher; Thomas Koppe; Karl-Friedrich Krey; Hans-Robert Metelmann; Henry Völzke; Amro Daboul Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-11-22 Impact factor: 3.240