Integrated investigation of lipidome and related signaling pathways uncovers molecular mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine and butylidenephthalide protecting endothelial cells under oxidative stress.

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and butylidenephthalide (BP) are two bioactive components isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort and Angelica sinensis, respectively. These two traditional Chinese medicines have been widely used in clinical treatments for vascular disease. The mechanism by which TMP and BP protect endothelial cells (ECs) against oxidative stress remains unknown, as does their effects on the steady state of the lipidome of ECs. Here, we demonstrate that both compounds protect EA.hy926 cells against H(2)O(2) induced injury in a dose-dependent manner. We then apply an integrated analysis of the lipidome and signal transduction pathways to explore the underlying mechanism of their protective effects. We found that TMP elevates the content of several phosphatidylcholine (PC) species, reduces the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and inhibits the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)). Compared to eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), a cPLA(2) inhibitor, TMP preferentially increases the content of arachidonoyl PCs. We also show that BP mainly elevates the pool of phosphatidylinositol (PI) species and inhibits the phosphorylation of both phospholipase C(γ) (PLC(γ)) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In contrast, specific inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 decreases the cell viability and increases pool of phosphatidylserine (PS). Taken together, these results demonstrate that TMP protects oxidatively stressed ECs through inhibition of cPLA(2) and preferential increase of arachidonoyl PC levels. Conversely, the effects of BP are tied to inhibition of PLC(γ) and an increase in PI levels. The current work suggests that the interaction of the lipidome and phospholipases can serve as a promising therapeutic target in oxidatively stressed ECs.