BACKGROUND/AIMS: Arsenic (As) is linked to insulin resistance in animal studies, but the effect of low-level As exposure on the prevalence of diabetes in humans is uncertain. An optimal method to report inorganic As in humans has not been established. Measurements of As in spot urine are usually adjusted to creatinine (Cr). However, urinary Cr is an independent variable in diabetes. Our aims are to optimize reporting of urinary As in the setting of diabetes and insulin resistance. METHODS: Urinary inorganic As was measured in 24-hour or first-void spot urine from diabetic (n = 31) and non-diabetic (n = 12) subjects and normalized to Cr or specific gravity (SG). The relation of normalized urinary inorganic As to glycemia and surrogate measures of insulin resistance was investigated. Blood pressure, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin were also assessed. Homeostasis model assessment was used to determine insulin resistance. RESULTS: A strong correlation was found between spot urinary As adjusted to Cr (R(2) = 0.82) or SG (R(2) = 0.61) to 24-hour urinary As (p < 0.001), while non-adjusted urinary As did not correlate well (R(2) = 0.03, p = 0.46). Adjusting for Cr revealed significant differences in total 24-hour urinary As when comparing diabetic to normal subjects. In contrast, no differences were found when As was adjusted to SG using either 24-hour or spot urine. Moreover, adjusted urinary spot or 24-hour As measures did not correlate with measures of glycemia or insulin resistance. Conclusions: Urinary Cr is an independent variable in diabetes, therefore adjusting spot As for SG is preferred.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Arsenic (As) is linked to insulin resistance in animal studies, but the effect of low-level As exposure on the prevalence of diabetes in humans is uncertain. An optimal method to report inorganic As in humans has not been established. Measurements of As in spot urine are usually adjusted to creatinine (Cr). However, urinary Cr is an independent variable in diabetes. Our aims are to optimize reporting of urinary As in the setting of diabetes and insulin resistance. METHODS: Urinary inorganic As was measured in 24-hour or first-void spot urine from diabetic (n = 31) and non-diabetic (n = 12) subjects and normalized to Cr or specific gravity (SG). The relation of normalized urinary inorganic As to glycemia and surrogate measures of insulin resistance was investigated. Blood pressure, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin were also assessed. Homeostasis model assessment was used to determine insulin resistance. RESULTS: A strong correlation was found between spot urinary As adjusted to Cr (R(2) = 0.82) or SG (R(2) = 0.61) to 24-hour urinary As (p < 0.001), while non-adjusted urinary As did not correlate well (R(2) = 0.03, p = 0.46). Adjusting for Cr revealed significant differences in total 24-hour urinary As when comparing diabetic to normal subjects. In contrast, no differences were found when As was adjusted to SG using either 24-hour or spot urine. Moreover, adjusted urinary spot or 24-hour As measures did not correlate with measures of glycemia or insulin resistance. Conclusions: Urinary Cr is an independent variable in diabetes, therefore adjusting spot As for SG is preferred.
Authors: Barbro Nermell; Anna-Lena Lindberg; Mahfuzar Rahman; Marika Berglund; Lars Ake Persson; Shams El Arifeen; Marie Vahter Journal: Environ Res Date: 2007-09-27 Impact factor: 6.498
Authors: Steven E Stern; Ken Williams; Eleuterio Ferrannini; Ralph A DeFronzo; Clifton Bogardus; Michael P Stern Journal: Diabetes Date: 2005-02 Impact factor: 9.461
Authors: Felecia S Walton; Anne W Harmon; David S Paul; Zuzana Drobná; Yashomati M Patel; Miroslav Styblo Journal: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol Date: 2004-08-01 Impact factor: 4.219
Authors: Andrew S Levey; Lesley A Stevens; Christopher H Schmid; Yaping Lucy Zhang; Alejandro F Castro; Harold I Feldman; John W Kusek; Paul Eggers; Frederick Van Lente; Tom Greene; Josef Coresh Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2009-05-05 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: Virginia M Weaver; Dennis J Kotchmar; Jeffrey J Fadrowski; Ellen K Silbergeld Journal: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Date: 2015-03-04 Impact factor: 5.563
Authors: Owen R Kinsky; Tiffanie L Hargraves; Tarun Anumol; Neil E Jacobsen; Jixun Dai; Shane A Snyder; Terrence J Monks; Serrine S Lau Journal: Chem Res Toxicol Date: 2016-01-27 Impact factor: 3.739
Authors: Elizabeth Martin; Carmen González-Horta; Julia Rager; Kathryn A Bailey; Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez; Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias; María C Ishida; Daniela S Gutiérrez-Torres; Roberto Hernández Cerón; Damián Viniegra Morales; Francisco A Baeza Terrazas; R Jesse Saunders; Zuzana Drobná; Michelle A Mendez; John B Buse; Dana Loomis; Wei Jia; Gonzalo G García-Vargas; Luz M Del Razo; Miroslav Stýblo; Rebecca Fry Journal: Toxicol Sci Date: 2015-01-09 Impact factor: 4.849
Authors: Megan E Romano; Daniel A Enquobahrie; Christopher D Simpson; Harvey Checkoway; Michelle A Williams Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2015-02-24 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Jessica E Laine; Kathryn A Bailey; Marisela Rubio-Andrade; Andrew F Olshan; Lisa Smeester; Zuzana Drobná; Amy H Herring; Miroslav Stýblo; Gonzalo G García-Vargas; Rebecca C Fry Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2014-10-17 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Edward E Hudgens; Zuzana Drobna; Bin He; X C Le; Miroslav Styblo; John Rogers; David J Thomas Journal: Environ Health Date: 2016-05-26 Impact factor: 5.984
Authors: María Pía Muñoz; Macarena Valdés; María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada; Boris Lucero; Paola Rubilar; Paulina Pino; Verónica Iglesias Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-07-05 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Danielle J Carlin; Marisa F Naujokas; Karen D Bradham; John Cowden; Michelle Heacock; Heather F Henry; Janice S Lee; David J Thomas; Claudia Thompson; Erik J Tokar; Michael P Waalkes; Linda S Birnbaum; William A Suk Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2015-11-20 Impact factor: 9.031