Fairness via formulations: a review of cosmetic skin-lightening ingredients.

Skin-lightening cosmetics are in big demand across Asia, and the quest for fairness has led to identification of many new ingredients. The mechanisms underlying pigmentation have been researched extensively and the knowledge is being updated regularly. This review serves to list the ingredients that are commercially available for that purpose and the modes of action through which the lightening is effected. Skin-lightening ingredients are also classified based on their sources; it is significant that far more botanicals have made the list than have synthesized compounds. Tyrosinase inhibition as a means of skin lightening is still the most reported method, followed by other methods such as Mitf inhibition, down regulation of MC1R activity, interference with melanosomal transfer, and melanocyte loss.