Endothelin and endothelin receptors in the renal and cardiovascular systems.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a multifunctional hormone which regulates the physiology of the cardiovascular and renal systems. ET-1 modulates cardiac contractility, systemic and renal vascular resistance, salt and water renal reabsorption, and glomerular function. ET-1 is responsible for a variety of cellular events: contraction, proliferation, apoptosis, etc. These effects take place after the activation of the two endothelin receptors ET(A) and ET(B), which are present - among others - on cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle and endothelial cells, glomerular and tubular cells of the kidney. The complex and numerous intracellular pathways, which can be contradictory in term of functional response depending on the receptor type, cell type and physiological situation, are described in this review. Many diseases share an enhanced ET-1 expression as part of the pathophysiology. However, the use of endothelin blockers is currently restricted to pulmonary arterial hypertension, and more recently to digital ulcer. The complexity of the endothelin system does not facilitate the translation of the molecular knowledge to clinical applications. Endothelin antagonists can prevent disease development but secondary undesirable effects limit their usage. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of the effects of ET-1 on the cardiac and renal physiology maintains the endothelin system as a promising therapeutic target.