Effect of gene conversion on variances of digenic identity measures.

The variances and covariances of digenic descent measures are studied for a two-locus model incorporating mutation, gene conversion, recombination, drift, and finite sampling. Gene conversion can occur between allelic pairs of genes or between non-allelic pairs on the same or different gametes within individuals. Most interest therefore centers on pairs of genes, and five digenic identity measures are required. The behavior over time of these measures is studied, with an emphasis on the effects of gene conversion. Because of the stochastic nature of the forces of drift, recombination, mutation, and conversion, the actual identity status of gene pairs can vary from expectation among replicate populations. To study this variation we compute the expected variances and covariances of the measures, and show that this requires the introduction of trigenic and quadrigenic measures. Allowing for conversion between genes on different gametes requires a large number of these higher-order measures.