Anemia of chronic disease: a review of pathogenesis.

Although anemia of chronic disease is a common hematologic disorder, the pathogenesis of the disease is still not well understood. Various workers have demonstrated decreased red cell life span, decreased erythropoietin levels, and inappropriate response of the bone marrow to the degree of anemia. The iron metabolism in the anemia of chronic disease is abnormal in that the macrophages in the bone marrow hold onto iron and do not release it for reutilization by the erythroid precursors. More recent studies have focused attention on cytokines produced by macrophages. These are interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. These cytokines appear to be involved in both red cell production and ferrokinetics. Greater understanding of the biology of the cytokines may be the key to understanding the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease.