Atherosclerosis in sickle cell disease - a review.

Acute, vaso-occlusive crises are the most common and earliest clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. Recent thoughts about development of atherosclerosis as a result of this disease are presented. Current insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in sickle cell disease are reviewed, in particular the role of endothelial dysfunction, homocysteine and platelets. Common and uncommon sites of atherosclerosis are described. Radiological assessment and potential therapeutic agents to slow the progression of atherosclerosis are discussed. Finally, treatment of atherosclerosis in certain sites is evaluated and reviewed.