Ion condensation behavior and dynamics of water molecules surrounding the sodium poly(methacrylic acid) chain in water: a molecular dynamics study.

All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the condensation behavior of monovalent (Na(+)) and multivalent (Ca(2+)) salt counterions associated with the co-ions (Cl(-)) surrounding the charged poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) chain in water. The study is extended to the influences on chain conformation, local arrangement, and dynamics of water in the highly diluted aqueous solutions. We find that even when the salt ions are monovalent, they attract more than one charged monomer and act as a bridging agent within the chain, as the multivalent salt ions. In principle, the salt ions bridge between not only the "non-adjacent" but also the "adjacent" charged monomers, leading to a more coil-like and a locally stretched conformation, respectively. With an increase in the salt concentration, the amount of coiled-type condensed ions increase and reach a maximum when the chain conformation becomes the most collapsed; whereas, the stretched-type shows an opposite trend. Our results show that the attractive interactions through the condensed salt ions between the non-adjacent monomers are responsible for the conformational collapse. When the salt concentration increases high enough, a significant increase for the stretched-type condensed ions makes an expansion effect on the chain. These stretched-type salt ions, followed by the adsorption of the co-ions and water molecules, tend to form a multilayer organization outside surrounding the PMAA chain. Thus, the expansion degree of the chain conformation is greatly limited. When only the monovalent Na(+) ions are present in the solutions, water molecules are primarily adsorbed into either the condensed Na(+) ions or the COO(-) groups. These adsorbed water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and enhance the local bridging behavior associated with the Na(+) condensation on the resultant chain conformation. With an increase in the amount of multivalent Ca(2+) salt ions, more water molecules are bonded directly with the condensed Ca(2+) ions. In this case, only the condensed Ca(2+) ions provide a strong bridging effect within the polymer chain. We observe a significant shift towards a higher frequency of the oxygen vibration spectrum and only a slight shift towards a higher frequency of the hydrogen spectrum for the water molecules associated with the ion condensation.