In vivo chondrocyte and transforming growth factor-β1 delivery using the thermosensitive chitosan/starch/β-glycerol phosphate hydrogel.

In present study, the chitosan/starch/β-glycerol phosphate hydrogel was investigated as an effective carrier for chondrocytes and delivery of transforming growth factor-β1. In vitro study indicated that transforming growth factor-β1 was released sustainably for 14 days with its biological activity to stimulate chondrocyte functions, as indicated by the strong expression of type II collagen protein. Subcutaneous implantation to rats revealed the strong expressions of type II collagen and aggrecan messenger ribonucleic acids, and also type II collagen protein was observed in the hydrogel in combination with transforming growth factor-β1 within 2 weeks. Our collective results showed the potential of chitosan/starch/β-glycerol phosphate hydrogel for effective delivery of chondrocytes and transforming growth factor-β1, and preserve chondrocytes' phenotype and functions in vitro.