New records and a new species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Ischnocera) found on Columbidae (Columbiformes) in Pakistan.

The chewing lice (Phthiraptera) of Columbidae (Columbiformes) from Pakistan are studied. Six species of chewing lice with new host records are recorded and one new species of the genus Colpocephalum is described from Columba livia in the Karachi region. All the columbid chewing lice from Pakistan are keyed out and the new species is illustrated and compared with the closest allied species.

Introduction

The study of chewing lice in Pakistan has been neglected for many years, especially in the Sindh region of Pakistan. During 1940s to 1950s, Ansari published his work on lice from Pakistan, but his studies were restricted to Lyallpur (now Faisalabad), in PageBreakthe Punjab Province of Pakistan (Ansari 1947, 1951, 1955a–e, 1956a, b). Most of his work referred to the Punjab region of India (Ansari 1957a, b, 1958, 1959).

Lakshminarayana (1979) published a list of Mallophaga from India and its adjacent countries, listing only those chewing lice species that were reported by Ansari from Lyallpur, Pakistan.

After Ansari (1955b, 1958), no taxonomic studies have been carried out in Karachi, Pakistan. Here we present a key to species of columbid chewing lice of this region and describe a new species of the genus . This new species is compared with the closest allied species of the genus.

Material and methods

The chewing lice used in this study were preserved on microscopic slides using a standard method (Palma 1978) and mounted in Canada-balsam. Line diagrams were made using micro-ocular graticule with a light microscope. Collected species have been deposited in the Natural History Museum, University of Karachi (NHMUK), Pakistan and the Moravian Museum (MZM), Burno, Czech Republic.

Abbreviations:

AL

Abdominal Length

DHS

Dorsal Head Seta

GL

Genital Length

HL

Head Length

ML

Metathorax Length

MW

Metathorax Width

PL

Pronotal Length

PML

Paramere Length

POW

Preocular Width

PW

Pronotal Width

TL

Total Length

TW

Temporal Width

Results

Chewing lice Species of Columbidae in Pakistan

Emerson, 1957 – New record

Scopoli, 1763 (Lakshminarayana 1979)

Burmeister, 1838 – New record

Johnston & Harrison, 1912 (Ansari 1947, Lakshminarayana 1979)

sp. n.

Denny, 1842 (Ansari 1951)

L. 1758 (Ansari 1947)

Ansari, 1955 (Lakshminarayana 1979)

Eichler, 1942 – New record

Piaget, 1880 – New record

Ansari, 1951 (Lakshminarayana 1979)

Eichler, 1953 – New record

Clay & Meinertzhagen,1937 – New record

Suborder Amblycera Kellogg, 1896

Family

Emerson

http://species-id.net/wiki/Bonomiella_columbae

Bonomiella columbae

Material examined.

2 females, on (Gmelin); Pakistan: Karachi; 21-V-2004; leg. Naz.

New record from Pakistan.

sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC7DD2BC-D82F-4E06-89E7-8C3EB8A5739F

http://species-id.net/wiki/Colpocephalum_afrozeae

Figs 1 12

Figures 1–10.

sp. n.1 male dorsal view 2 male ventral view 3 female dorsal view 4 maxillary palp 5 antenna; 6 hypopharynx 7 prosternal plate 8 sternite IV with ctenidia 9 female terminalia ventral view 10 male genitalia

Figures 11–12.

sp. n. 11 penis details 12 genital sclerite.

Holotype.

male, on (Gmelin); Pakistan: Karachi; 20-VII-2006; leg. Naz, S.

Paratype.

8 males, 12 females, on (Gmelin); Pakistan: Karachi; 20-VII-2006; leg. Naz, S.

Other material.

6 nymphs, on (Gmelin), with data as above.

Type host.

(Gmelin) (Columbiformes: Columbidae).

Measurements.

TL: male 1.242 (1.24–1.245) (Figs 1–2), female 1.330 (1.285–1.375) (fig. 3); HL: male 0.287 (0.286–0.288), female 0.302 (0.30–0.305); POW: male 0.318 (0.315–0.332), female 0.347 (0.345–0.35); TW: male 0.45 (0.445–0.455), female 0.492 (0.48–0.505); PL: male 0.12 (0.11–0.13), female 0.137 (0.135–0.14); PW: male 0.288 (0.255–0.322), female 0.332 (0.325–0.34); ML: male 0.135 (0.12–0.15), female 0.152 (0.15–0.155); MW: male 0.374 (0.322–0.426), female 0.51 (0.505–0.515); AL: male 0.658 (0.642–0.675), female 0.697 (0.685–0.71), GL: 1.03 (1.01–1.05), GW: 0.155 (0.15–0.16), PML: 0.055 (0.050–0.060).

Head

(Figs 1–6). Anterior marginal carina very thick, with large and blunt marginal nodi; DHS 8–10 short fine to stout setae; DHS 15 long; occipital setae 21–22 thick setae of normal length; ventral subtemporal setae present; ocular and occipital nodi very well developed, connected with thick oculo–occipital and occipital carinae; maxillary palpi as in fig. 4; antennae (fig. 5) four segmented, pedicel large with short lateral process, bearing three stout sharp setae, flagellomere II long, oval with broad terminal disc; hypopharynx (fig. 6) very well developed.

Thorax

(Figs 1–3, 7). Pronotal carina very thickly sclerotized; pronotal seta 2 minute peg-like setae; lateral to posterior margin of pronotum with four long and at least two short setae; prosternal plate (fig. 7) weakly developed, short, with posterior margin convex and lateral margins absent, one pair of small microsetae anterior to the plate present; posterior margin of metanotum straight, with 8–10 normal fine setae, arranged equally without any gape; femur III with two ctenidia.

Abdomen

(Figs 1–3, 8). Male. Tergal plates complete, marginal setae from tergite I–VIII: 12, 14, 17, 18, 16, 16, 15 and 13 respectively; anterior tergal setae scattered, ranging from 14–28 microsetae; postspiracular seta long on segment II, V–VII, shorter on segments III–IV and VIII; sternal setae in double rows on sternites I–VII: 15, 24, 16 (+ two large ctenidia on segment III; fig. 8), 24, 21, 20 and 16 respectively. Terminalia (Figs 1–2): Terminal segment comprises segments IX and X, posteriorly rounded; large tergal plate usually without anterior setae, latero–posterior margin with PageBreaktwo long macrosetae and posterior margin bears four long macrosetae and two short fine setae; sternites VIII forming a short subgenital plate, bearing dense scattered small thin setae; anal margin almost straight.

Female. Tergites I and II complete, wide and long, tergites III–VIII divided, tripartite, narrow and short; tergocentral setae on segment I and II long; tergal marginal setae from I–VIII: 20, 20–22, 16–18, 18–20, 16–19, 17, 18 and 14–16 respectively; postspiracular setae long on II–III, VI–VIII; segment VIII with one pair of long, latero–anterior setae; sternite I developed, sternite II–VIII complete and well sclerotized; sternal setae small short to fine, scattered all over the plates; sternite III with two longPageBreak ctenidia (fig. 8). Terminalia (fig. 9): Terminal segment widely rounded posteriorly; tergite IX divided, median piece triangular; posterior margin of lateral plates with small fine setae and two pairs of long macrosetae; anus narrow, transverse with tapering ends; anal fringes bear forty three stout microsetae in anterior fringe and forty seven to fifty fine curved setae in posterior fringe; vulval margin medially concave, with small thick, stout curved setae, gradually larger at latero–posterior ends.

Male genitalia

(Figs 10–12). Elongated; genital sclerite (fig. 12) short, with long and slightly curved latero-posterior points; genital lateral plates short and thick; basal plate thick and broad; median process long; penis (fig. 11) terminally narrow; parameres straight, tubular.

Remarks.

were collected from on which has been reported previously. The two species of the genus of are different from each other. has the anterior margin of head broadly convex; anterior marginal carina thick; oculo-occipital carina thick; prothorax with two short marginal setae; femur III with two ctenidia; female tergite II with long tergocentral setae; postspiracular setae long on tergites II–III and VI–VIII; lateral plates of male genitalia very short; lateroposterior points of genital sclerite large and curved; median process reduced; female genital reticulation invisible; vulva medially concave; anus narrow and transverse.

has also some similarities with Price and Beer, but they have morphological differences, which consist of a thin anterior marginal carina; five long pronotal marginal setae; tergite II of female divided; tergite VIII with small triangular median piece; anal opening broad, with light fringe of short setae; male genital sclerite without latero-posterior points and long lateral plates are found in whereas the anterior margin very thick; four pronotal marginal setae long; tergite II of female complete; tergite VIII with large trapezoidal piece; anal opening narrow and transverse, with dense fringe of PageBreakshort setae in anterior margin and thick, long setae on posterior margin; male genital sclerite with long and curved latero-posterior points and short lateral plates are found in .

Etymology.

The present species is named after Mrs Hussan Afroze, mother of the first author.

Denny

http://species-id.net/wiki/Colpocephalum_turbinatum

Fig. 13–16

Figures 13–20.

13–16. Denny 13 male dorso-ventral view 14 female dorsal view 15 female terminalia 16 male genitalia. 17–20. (Piaget) 17 male dorso-ventral view 18 female, dorsal view; 19, female terminalia 20 male genitalia.

Colpocephalum turbinatum

Colpocephalum abruptofasciatum

Colpocephalum ailurum Nitzsch (In Giebel) 1861: 522.

Colpocephalum bicinctum Nitzsch (In Giebel) 1861: 524.

Colpocephalum caudatum Giebel 1874: 261,

Colpocephalum dissimile

Colpocephalum intermedium

Colpocephalum latifasciatum Piaget 1885: 130.

Colpocephalum osborni Carriker 1903: 172.

Colpocephalum oxyurum Nitzsch (In Giebel) 1861: 519.

Colpocephalum subflavescens

Colpocephalum tricinctum Nitzsch (In Giebel) 1861: 524,

Colpocephalum wernecki Orfila 1959: 477.

Neocolpocephalum gypae Qadri 1935: 229.

Neocolpocephalum tricinctum Eichler 1941: 374.

Vulturigogus eugenii Eichler and Zlotorzycka 1963: 207.

Vulturigogus femellus Eichler and Zlotorzycka 1963: 209.

91 males, 105 females, on (Gmelin); Pakistan: Karachi; 21-V-2004, 23-IX-2007; leg. Naz.

(Piaget)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Hohorstiella_lata

Fig. 17–20

Menopon latum

Menopon giganteum

Hohorstiella lata Eichler 1940: 362, Hopkins and Clay 1952: 173, Hill and Tuff 1978: 308, 310,

25 males, 39 females, on (Gmelin), (Frivaldszky); Pakistan: Karachi; 21-V-2004, 04-VIII-2006; leg. Naz. New record from Pakistan.

Eichler

http://species-id.net/wiki/Hohorstiella_streptopeliae

Fig. 21

Figure 21–25.

21 Eichler, female, dorso-ventral view. 22–25 (Burmeister) 22 male dorso-ventral view 23 female dorsal view 24 female terminalia 25 male genitalia.

Hohorstiella streptopeliae

4 females, on (Gmelin) (Fantail Pigeon breed); Pakistan: Karachi; 15-VII-2006; leg. Naz.

New record from Pakistan.

Suborder Ischnocera Kellogg, 1896

Family

(Burmeister)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Campanulotes_compar

Fig. 22–25

Goniocotes bidentatus

Goniocotes compar

Goniocotes formosanus Sugimoto 1929: 25.

Goniodes compar

Campanulotes compar Keler 1939: 157, Hopkins and Clay 1952: 64, Ansari 1955: 48, Selimet al. 1968: 79, Hill and Tuff 1978: 309, 322, Tendeiro 1969: 380, 1978: 117,

51 males, 72 females, on (Gmelin); Pakistan: Karachi, Hyderabad, Khairpur mir’s; 21-V-2004, 04-VIII-2006; leg. Naz.

New record from Pakistan.

(L.)

http://species-id.net/wiki/Columbicola_columbae

Fig. 26–29

Figures 26–33.

26-29 (L.) 26 male dorso-ventral view 27 female dorsal view 28, male terminalia dorso-ventral view 29 male genitalia. 30–33 Eichler 30 male dorsal view 31 female dorsal view 32 female terminalia dorso-ventral view 33 male genitalia.

Pediculus columbae L. 1758: 614.

Lipeurus bacillus

Lipeurus baculus Giebel 1866: 379,

Lipeurus antennatus Giebel 1874: 213.

Philopterus baculus

Phagopterus columbae Freire and Duarte 1944: 14.

Nirmus claviformis Olfers 1816: 90.

Nirmus filiformis Olfers 1816: 90.

Esthiopterum columbae Harrison 1916: 132.

Columbicola columbae Ewing 1929: 117,

48 males, 73 females, on (Gmelin), Hume; Pakistan: Karachi; 21-V-2004, 23-IX-2007; leg. Naz. New host record from Pakistan.

Eichler

http://species-id.net/wiki/Columbicola_tschulyschman

Fig. 30–33

Columbicola tschulyschman

Columbicola montschadskyi Blagoveshtchensky 1951: 308, Tendeiro 1965: 131.

5 males, 6 females, on Hume; Pakistan: Karachi; 16-VIII-2007; leg. Naz.

New record from Pakistan.

Clay & Meinertzhagen

http://species-id.net/wiki/Turturicola_salimalii

Turturicola salimalii

2 females, on (Gmelin); Pakistan: Karachi; 16-VII-2005; leg. Naz.

New host record from Pakistan.

Discussion

This study is the first survey of chewing lice of family Columbidae in Pakistan. Among the nine species found in this region, six species are recorded for the first time. Four of them, , , and , are cosmopolitan (Emerson 1972, Ledger 1980, Mey 2003, Naz and Rizvi 2004, Naz et al. 2010).

Only two species of the genus have been recorded from Columbidae, which are Nitzsch 1866 on (Temminck) and on Gmelin (Price and Beer 1963, Price et al. 2003). Kellogg and Paine (1914) have reported from . Price and Beer (1963) have recorded from various species of Falconiformes. Ansari (1951) reported from Sykes (Accipitridae: Falconiformes) with the synonym , in Lyallpur, Pakistan (Lakshminarayana 1979). Here, this species is reported from in Karachi, Pakistan. Galloway and Palma (2008) showed that some species of lice can be overlooked for many decades even when they parasitize common hosts.

is also a regular pigeon parasite. It is known from three species of including , which is also foundin Pakistan (Grimmett et al. 1999, Naz et al. 2010) and is probably still isolated from feral pigeons in Pakistan (Johnston 1996). There is no record of this louse species from feral pigeon (Adams et al. 2005).

The presence of on represents a case of straggling, because its type host is (Hartlert) (Price et al. 2003). Ansari (1947) recorded on three species of and on from different regions of India, but he also collected this species from Passeriformes and Psittaciformes and suggested these hosts as likely stragglers.

1	Maxillary palpi present; meso and metathorax separated	Amblycera, 2
–	Maxillary palpi absent; meso and metathorax fused, forming pteronotum	Ischnocera, 7
2	Postpalpal process present	Hohorstiella, 3
–	Postpalpal process absent	5
3	Head much broader than long; anterior head margin broadly convex; abdomen short and oval; three abdominal sternites (st. III–V) with thick setal brushes	Hohorstiella modesta (Ansari)
–	Head broader than long; anterior head margin relatively more convex; abdomen large and oblong; two abdominal sternites with setal brushes	4
4	Postpalpal process short; antennal segment II small and rounded; prosternal plate small; abdominal sternite IV–V with thin setal brushes; vulval margin wide with thin short to long setae	Hohorstiella lata (Piaget)
–	Postpalpal process long; antennal segment II large and globulate; abdominal sternite III–IV with dense setal brushes; vulval margin narrow with thin microsetae to short fine setae	Hohorstiella streptopeliae Eichler
5	Head without ocular and occipital carinae; femur III and abdominal sternites without ctenidia	Bonomiella columbae Emerson
–	Head with ocular and occipital carinae; femur III and abdominal sternites with fine ctenidia	Colpocephalum, 6
6	Femur III and abdominal sternite III with two fine ctenidia on each; male genital sclerite large, with short and fine latero–posterior points; penis short; female subgenital plate with medially short, stout setae	Colpocephalum afrozeae sp. n.
–	Femur III and sternite III with three ctenidia on each; male genital sclerite with long and slightly curved latero–posterior points; penis long; female subgenital plate with lateral tufts of setae	Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny
7	Head circumfasciate; temples large or broad, angulated	8
–	Head non–circumfasciate; temples short and rounded	10
8	Antennae dimorphic; scape very enlarged in male	Coloceras piageti (Johnston and Harrison)
–	Antennae monomorphic	Campanulotes, 9
9	Female larger in size, not less than 1.58 mm long; ventral median setae on sternites VI and VII absent	Campanulotes bidentatus (Scopoli)
–	Female smaller in size, not more than 1.34 mm long; ventral median setae on sternites VI and VII present	Campanulotes compar (Burmeister)
10	Median head setae blade-like, on anterior dorsal plate; anterior dorsal plate divided medially; preantennal width narrow	Columbicola, 11
–	Median head setae not blade-like, on anterior dorsal plate; anterior dorsal plate complete; preantennal width broad	Turturicola salimalii Clay and Meinertzhagen
11	Head length more than 0.55mm; posterior median head setae spike-like, shorter than anterior median head setae; male genitalia with triangular mesosomal plate, with groves directed towards median; female subgenital plate without lateral row of setae, grove with clear lateral indentations	Columbicola theresae Ansari
–	Head length less than 0.55mm; posterior median head setae hair like or spike like, equal or longer than anterior median head setae; male genitalia with medially divided mesosomal plate, with anterior grove, bearing pores in or out of the pigmented border; female subgenital plate with lateral row of setae, grove without indentations	12
12	Posterior median head setae hair-like and longer than anterior median head setae; male genitalia with relatively long, straight and posteriorly narrower parameres, mesosomal plate with shallow and narrow anterior grove, two pairs of pores present at mediolateral margins of mesosomal plate; female subgenital plate narrow with smooth posterior grove	Columbicola tschulyschman Eichler
–	Posterior median head setae spike-like, more or less equally long to anterior median head setae; male genitalia with short, stumpy parameres, curved inside outwards, mesosomal plate with large or deep anterior grove, anterior pair of mesosomal pores present at lateral margins within the dark pigmented borders; female subgenital plate relatively wider with wavy posterior grove, long and wide, bearing 4–8 pairs of medium to long setae	Columbicola columbae (L.)