Highly efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting using a thin film photoanode of BiVO4/SnO2/WO3 multi-composite in a carbonate electrolyte.

The solar energy conversion efficiency considering the energy loss by the external bias for water splitting reached ca. 0.9 or 1.35% using single- or double-stacked photoanodes, respectively, of BiVO(4)/SnO(2)/WO(3) multilayers in a highly concentrated carbonate electrolyte aqueous solution. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012