Literature DB >> 22429576

[Lentivirus-mediated stable silencing of nm23-H1 gene in lung cancer cells and the influence on biological behavior].

Meng Luo1, Daxing Zhu, Lei Gong, Xiaoming Qiu, Lingling Zu, Liya Sun, Zhihao Wu, Qinghua Zhou.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND
OBJECTIVE: The nm23-H1 gene is an important tumor metastatic suppressor gene. Our previous study showed that the downregulation of nm23-H1 gene expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in NL9980 lung cancer cells greatly enhanced their invasiveness. To further explore the molecular mechanisms after nm23-H1 gene knockdown, we established transgene NL9980 and A549 lung cancer cell lines with stable nm23-H1 gene silencing through the lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) method.
METHODS: The human large cell lung cancer NL9980 and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were transfected with shRNA lentiviral particles specific for the nm23-H1 gene, and were then selected through puromycin. Puromycin-resistant clones were generated and screened using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blot analysis. shRNA rescue experiments were performed to restore the nm23-H1 gene expression in the shRNA-expressing cells. Invasiveness was determined through a Boyden chamber assay.
RESULTS: The puromycin-resistant clones (NL9980-99 and A549-99) showed very low levels of nm23-H1 mRNA and protein expression under RT-PCR, qPCR, and Western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the shRNA rescue experiment restored the nm23-H1 expression in the NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells detected by Western blot. Downregulation of nm23-H1 gene expression enhanced the invasiveness of the NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells compared with the controls.
CONCLUSIONS: The lung cancer cell lines NL9980-99 and A549-99 with stable nm23-H1 gene silencing were successfully established and their invasiveness was greatly increased after nm23-H1 gene knockdown.

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Year:  2012        PMID: 22429576      PMCID: PMC5999872          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.03.02

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肿瘤侵袭转移是一个多基因调控、多阶段、多步骤发生的复杂过程,也是导致肿瘤患者治疗失败和死亡的主要原因。nm23-H1基因是第一个被发现的重要的肿瘤转移抑制基因,它的结构和功能的异常与癌细胞的侵袭和转移能力密切相关[。在前期工作中将化学合成的siRNA瞬时转染低转移的人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980以抑制nm23-H1基因的表达,研究发现NL9980细胞的侵袭力明显增强[。但化学合成的siRNA介导的基因沉默只能维持较短的时间(5 d-7 d),为了更深入地研究nm23-H1基因沉默后对肺癌细胞侵袭转移机制的影响,本研究利用慢病毒介导的shRNA技术,转染人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980和肺腺癌细胞株A549,建立nm23-H1基因稳定沉默的细胞株,并观察其体外侵袭力的改变,为进一步研究nm23-H1的功能、生化作用机制奠定基础。

材料与方法

材料

人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980由本实验室建立。pcDNA3.1(+)表达载体为本实验保存。A549肺腺癌细胞株购自美国ATCC。RPMI-1640、小牛血清购自美国Gibco公司。非靶标shRNA对照慢病毒颗粒(non-targeting shRNA, SHC002V)和特异性抑制nm23-H1基因的shRNA慢病毒颗粒(nm23-H1-shRNA;Clone ID:NM_000269.x-99s1c1、NM_000269.x-182s1c1和NM_000269.x-183s1c1)、嘌呤霉素和聚凝胺购自美国Sigma公司。克隆环购自美国Corning公司。M-MLV逆转录酶、dNTP mix、RNase抑制剂、随机引物、DNA Marker购自TAKARA公司。总RNA提取试剂Trizol Reagent购自美国Invitrogen公司。引物、Gold view核酸染料购自北京赛百盛公司。SYBR GREEN Master Mix、7500实时定量PCR系统购自美国ABI公司。nm23-H1鼠单抗(货号:SC-56928)购自美国Santa Cruz公司,β-actin鼠单抗(货号:A5441)购自美国Sigma公司。Boyden小室购自美国MiliPore公司。

方法

shRNA构建、慢病毒包装

慢病毒载体为pLKO.1-puro,由U6启动子引导shRNA的合成,并具有嘌呤霉素抗性筛选标记。将特异性靶向nm23-H1(NM_000269.2)mRNA不同序列(NM_000269.x-99s1c1:GCGTACCTTCATTGCGATCAA、NM_000269.x-182s1c1:TCCGCCTTGTTGGTCTGAAAT和NM_000269.x-183s1c1:CCGCCTTGTTGGTCTGAAATT)的21 bp反向互补发夹序列克隆入pLKO.1-puro载体,并包装生产慢病毒,病毒滴度为106 TU,购自Sigma公司。

细胞培养、慢病毒转染和克隆细胞株筛选

转染前1天将2×105个NL9980和A549细胞铺板(6孔板),第2天细胞融合度为50%-60%,每孔加入含终浓度为8μg/mL的聚凝胺和慢病毒50 µL转染。转染24 h后加入嘌呤霉素1 µg/mL(选择浓度由杀菌曲线确定)。每隔2 d-3 d观察细胞情况,更换选择培养基。2周左右开始有克隆生长。克隆环方法挑取单克隆细胞入24孔板,90%-100%融合度后转入培养瓶扩增,鉴定,保种。

逆转录和定量PCR检测nm23-H1基因表达

根据总RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取RNA,并进行逆转录PCR。逆转录nm23-H1引物:Forward:5′CAAGTGCTGCGAACCACG3′;Reverse:5′GACCAACAAGGCGGAATC3′,扩增长度为420 bp。参照基因GAPDH引物序列:Forward:5′ATGGGGAAGGTGAAGGTCG3′;Reverse:5′GGGGTCATTGATGGCAACAATA3′,扩增长度为108 bp。PCR扩增条件为:94 ℃、3 min,94 ℃、30 s,55 ℃、30 s,72 ℃、2 min,30个循环;72 ℃、5 min。取PCR产物10 μL进行2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。nm23-H1定量PCR引物:Forward:5′AAAGGATTCCGCCTTGTTGGT3′;Reverse:5′GCCCTGAGTGCATGTATTTCAC3′,扩增长度为124 bp。定量PCR条件为:50 ℃、2 min、1个循环;95 ℃、10 min、1个循环;95 ℃、15 s,60 ℃、1 min,40个循环。做熔解曲线检测。2-ΔΔCT法计算基因表达差异[。

Western blot印迹检测nm23-H1表达的变化

细胞裂解后提取总蛋白,BCA方法测细胞蛋白浓度后进行12% SDS-PAGE电泳。100 V转膜1 h,抗nm23-H1和β-actin一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,洗膜后室温二抗1 h。ECL显影。

shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染拯救实验

根据shRNA(NM_000269.x-99s1c1: GCGTACCTTCATTGCGATCAA)序列设计nm23-H1基因shRNA抵抗序列,下划线标记为突变碱基,该突变为沉默突变,不改变nm23-H1氨基酸编码序列。突变引物:Forward:5′CGGATCCATGGCCAACTGTGAGCGAACATTTATCGCCATCAAACCA3′;Reverse: 5′GCTCTAGATCATTCATAGATCCAGTTCTGA3′。表达载体为pcDNA3.1(+)。PCR突变构建shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒。脂质体法将shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒3 µg转染稳定沉默nm23-H1基因表达的肺癌细胞株NL9980-99和A549-99,48 h后收获细胞做Western blot检测。

侵袭小室实验检测侵袭力改变

每个上室加300 µL无血清的RPMI-1640进行ECM胶水化1.5 h,下室加500 µL含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640;然后将实验组和对照组细胞接种于Transwell 6孔板的上室中,每孔接种细胞5×105,每组设3个平行孔。在细胞培养箱孵育48 h,对下室细胞消化后细胞计数,以穿过膜的细胞数目来表示肿瘤细胞的侵袭能力。

统计学处理

采用SPSS 13.0软件分析系统处理结果,计量资料采用Mean±SD表示,应用t检验分析数据。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

nm23-H1基因稳定沉默细胞系mRNA和蛋白表达水平的检测

人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980细胞用慢病毒介导的nm23-H1 shRNA转染、筛选后,Western blot检测3个shRNA(Clone ID: NM_000269.x-99s1c1, NM_000269.x-182s1c1和NM_000269.x-183s1c1)均获得很好的nm23-H1基因沉默效果,以shRNA(NM_000269.x-99s1c1)最为明显,而非靶向干扰序列则对nm23-H1的表达没有抑制作用。故在A549肺癌细胞筛选实验中只选用shRNA(NM_000269.x-99s1c1)病毒颗粒作转染,并将nm23-H1基因稳定沉默的人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980和肺腺癌细胞株A549命名为NL9980-99和A549-99,将非靶标(non-target)对照细胞株命名为NL9980-non和A549-non。RT-PCR结果显示与对照细胞株相比NL9980-99细胞nm23-H1基因含量明显降低(图 1A),A549-99细胞株实时定量PCR结果显示nm23-H1基因mRNA表达水平明显降低(P=0.008, 501)(图 1B),Western blot结果均证实nm23-H1蛋白表达明显抑制(图 1C,图 1D)。
1

RT-PCR、定量PCR及Western blot检测结果。A:RT-PCR检测nm23-H1 mRNA在NL9980-99细胞中的表达,相对内参为GAPDH,与对照相比nm23-H1含量明显降低;1:NL9980;2:NL9980-99;B:qRT-PCR检测nm23-H1 mRNA在A549-99细胞中的表达,相对内参为GAPDH(P < 0.01);C:Western blot检测nm23-H1蛋白在NL9980-99细胞中的表达,与对照相比表达量明显降低;D:Western blot检测nm23-H1蛋白在A549-99细胞中的表达,与对照相比表达量明显降低。

Results of RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and Western blot. A: The results of nm23-H1 mRNA RT-PCR, nm23-H1 expression greatly reduced compared with GAPDH; M: DNA marker; 1: NL9980; 2: NL9980-99; B: The results of nm23-H1 mRNA qRT-PCR, analysis of expression normalized with GAPDH (P < 0.01); C: The results of nm23-H1 expression in NL9980-99 cells by Western blot, nm23-H1 expression greatly reduced compared with β-actin; D: The results of nm23-H1 expression in A549-99 cells by Western blot, nm23-H1 expression greatly reduced compared with β-actin.

RT-PCR、定量PCR及Western blot检测结果。A:RT-PCR检测nm23-H1 mRNA在NL9980-99细胞中的表达,相对内参为GAPDH,与对照相比nm23-H1含量明显降低;1:NL9980;2:NL9980-99;B:qRT-PCR检测nm23-H1 mRNA在A549-99细胞中的表达,相对内参为GAPDH(P < 0.01);C:Western blot检测nm23-H1蛋白在NL9980-99细胞中的表达,与对照相比表达量明显降低;D:Western blot检测nm23-H1蛋白在A549-99细胞中的表达,与对照相比表达量明显降低。 Results of RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and Western blot. A: The results of nm23-H1 mRNA RT-PCR, nm23-H1 expression greatly reduced compared with GAPDH; M: DNA marker; 1: NL9980; 2: NL9980-99; B: The results of nm23-H1 mRNA qRT-PCR, analysis of expression normalized with GAPDH (P < 0.01); C: The results of nm23-H1 expression in NL9980-99 cells by Western blot, nm23-H1 expression greatly reduced compared with β-actin; D: The results of nm23-H1 expression in A549-99 cells by Western blot, nm23-H1 expression greatly reduced compared with β-actin.

shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染拯救实验

将shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染稳定沉默nm23-H1基因表达的肺癌细胞株NL9980-99和A549-99,48 h后收获细胞做Western blot检测,显示恢复nm23-H1的正常表达(图 2A,图 2B)。
2

NL9980-99和A549-99细胞shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染拯救实验。A:NL9980-99细胞nm23-H1基因shRNA抵抗拯救实验,与对照组相比nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染组重现nm23-H1的正常表达;B:A549-99细胞nm23-H1基因shRNA抵抗拯救实验,与对照组相比nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染组重现nm23-H1的正常表达。

shRNA rescue experiments in NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells. NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells were transfected with vector containing shRNA-resistant nm23-H1 cDNA to rescue the expression of nm23-H1. A: shRNA rescue experiments in NL9980-99 cells analyzed by Western blot; B: shRNA rescue experiments in A549-99 cells analyzed by Western blot.

NL9980-99和A549-99细胞shRNA抵抗nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染拯救实验。A:NL9980-99细胞nm23-H1基因shRNA抵抗拯救实验,与对照组相比nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染组重现nm23-H1的正常表达;B:A549-99细胞nm23-H1基因shRNA抵抗拯救实验,与对照组相比nm23-H1基因重组质粒转染组重现nm23-H1的正常表达。 shRNA rescue experiments in NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells. NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells were transfected with vector containing shRNA-resistant nm23-H1 cDNA to rescue the expression of nm23-H1. A: shRNA rescue experiments in NL9980-99 cells analyzed by Western blot; B: shRNA rescue experiments in A549-99 cells analyzed by Western blot.

nm23-H1基因表达抑制后侵袭力改变

Boyden小室实验检测发现nm23-H1基因稳定沉默后,NL9980-99细胞和A549-99细胞体外侵袭能力明显增强,与对照组NL9980、NL9980-non和A549A549-non细胞比较有统计学差异(P < 0.01),提示nm23-H1基因稳定沉默促进肺癌细胞的侵袭能力(图 3A,图 3B)。
3

Boyden小室检测NL9980-99和A549-99细胞侵袭力的改变。A:NL9980-99细胞与对照相比,侵袭力明显增强(P < 0.01);B:A549-99细胞与对照相比,侵袭力明显增强(P < 0.01)。

Boyden chamber assay of NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells. A: Boyden chamber assay of NL9980-99 cells, compared with the control (P < 0.01); B: Boyden chamber assay of A549-99 cells, compared with the control (P < 0.01).

Boyden小室检测NL9980-99和A549-99细胞侵袭力的改变。A:NL9980-99细胞与对照相比,侵袭力明显增强(P < 0.01);B:A549-99细胞与对照相比,侵袭力明显增强(P < 0.01)。 Boyden chamber assay of NL9980-99 and A549-99 cells. A: Boyden chamber assay of NL9980-99 cells, compared with the control (P < 0.01); B: Boyden chamber assay of A549-99 cells, compared with the control (P < 0.01).

讨论

nm23基因是第一个被发现的肿瘤转移抑制基因[。迄今为止,人类nm23基因已报道了8个亚型,即nm23-H1nm23-H8,其中nm23-H1基因与肿瘤侵袭转移的关系最密切,已得到人们的普遍重视[。nm23-H1具有二磷酸核苷激酶(nucleotide diphosphate kinase, NDPK)活性[、组氨酸蛋白激酶活性[和3’-5’核酸外切酶活性[。近期研究[显示nm23-H1参与了紫外线诱导的DNA损伤修复过程,并可能与紫外线诱发的黑色素瘤的形成有关。Conery等[报道nm23-H1表达的缺失可以导致细胞染色体不稳定,从而参与肿瘤的形成过程。尽管20多年来国内外做了大量的研究,nm23-H1基因抑制肿瘤侵袭转移的分子机制还未完全阐明。 我们的前期研究[显示nm23-H1基因的低表达和杂合性缺失与人肺癌的高转移性有密切关系。将野生型nm23-H1基因转染人高转移大细胞肺癌细胞株L9981可以逆转L9981的侵袭、转移表型[。将化学合成的siRNA瞬时转染低转移的人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980抑制nm23-H1基因的表达,NL9980细胞的侵袭力明显增强;通过基因芯片检测发现基因表达谱发生明显变化,表达上调的基因有707个,下调的有373个。其中上调基因主要有肿瘤转移相关基因、细胞增殖、细胞周期、生长发育(包括胚胎发育和神经系统发育)以及细胞运动迁徙相关基因;下调基因包括肿瘤抑制基因、细胞骨架相关基因等[。上述研究结果说明nm23-H1基因可能是肿瘤侵袭转移的上游调控基因,但nm23-H1基因调控的关键下游分子或靶点尚需进一步研究确定。 为了进一步研究这些功能改变及相关的分子机制,需要建立稳定沉默nm23-H1基因的肺癌细胞株。RNA干扰技术现已成为研究基因功能的重要工具[,但化学合成的siRNA介导的基因沉默只能维持较短的时间(5 d-7 d),而且通常转染的效率较低[。因此,通过载体介导的RNA干扰就成为了选择。近年来,由于慢病毒技术的发展及其自身的优点,如免疫原性低、感染范围广,可以高效整合到宿主细胞基因组稳定产生siRNA,使得慢病毒介导的RNA干扰成为稳定基因沉默的最常用选择,并可克服化学合成siRNA的缺点[。 本研究通过慢病毒介导的特异性靶向nm23-H1基因shRNA,转染人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980和肺腺癌细胞株A549,经过嘌呤霉素筛选获得了稳定沉默nm23-H1基因表达的肺癌细胞株NL9980-99和A549-99。mRNA和蛋白水平检测均证实nm23-H1的表达明显降低,并通过转染shRNA抵抗的nm23-H1表达载体,恢复nm23-H1的表达。该拯救实验证实我们所建立的NL9980-99和A549-99细胞中nm23-H1基因沉默是由于RNA干扰机制降解了nm23-H1基因mRNA所致,而不是脱靶效应(off-target effect)[。通过Boyden小室实验观察到nm23-H1基因沉默后,人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980和人肺腺癌细胞株A549细胞的侵袭力明显增强,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。不同肺癌细胞株nm23-H1基因沉默后具有相似的侵袭力改变,逆向证明了nm23-H1基因肿瘤转移抑制的功能。以上结果显示本课题组成功建立了nm23-H1基因稳定沉默的人大细胞肺癌细胞株NL9980-99和肺腺癌细胞株A549-99,为更深入研究nm23-H1的功能、生化作用机制奠定了基础。
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Journal:  Nature       Date:  2001-05-24       Impact factor: 49.962

7.  Reduced tumor incidence, metastatic potential, and cytokine responsiveness of nm23-transfected melanoma cells.

Authors:  A Leone; U Flatow; C R King; M A Sandeen; I M Margulies; L A Liotta; P S Steeg
Journal:  Cell       Date:  1991-04-05       Impact factor: 41.582

8.  Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nm23-H1 regulates chromosomal stability by activating the GTPase dynamin during cytokinesis.

Authors:  Andrew R Conery; Sanja Sever; Ed Harlow
Journal:  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A       Date:  2010-08-16       Impact factor: 11.205

9.  Expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, a homologue of the nm23 gene product.

Authors:  T Nakayama; A Ohtsuru; K Nakao; M Shima; K Nakata; K Watanabe; N Ishii; N Kimura; S Nagataki
Journal:  J Natl Cancer Inst       Date:  1992-09-02       Impact factor: 13.506

10.  The metastasis suppressor NM23-H1 possesses 3'-5' exonuclease activity.

Authors:  Deqin Ma; Joseph R McCorkle; David M Kaetzel
Journal:  J Biol Chem       Date:  2004-02-11       Impact factor: 5.157

View more
  5 in total

1.  Nm23-H1 inhibits lung cancer bone-specific metastasis by upregulating miR-660-5p targeted SMARCA5.

Authors:  Cheng Ai; Guangzhi Ma; Yunfu Deng; Qiangqiang Zheng; Yingcai Gen; Wen Li; Yang Li; Lingling Zu; Qinghua Zhou
Journal:  Thorac Cancer       Date:  2020-02-05       Impact factor: 3.500

Review 2.  [Roles of Histidine Kinases and Histidine Phosphatases in Cancer].

Authors:  Yafang Dong; Huimin Han; Yafeng Li; Lili Guo
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2021-08-30

3.  Targeted silencing of MART-1 gene expression by RNA interference enhances the migration ability of uveal melanoma cells.

Authors:  Yidan Zhang; Renbing Jia; Jing Wang; Xiaofang Xu; Yuting Yao; Shengfan Ge; Xianqun Fan
Journal:  Int J Mol Sci       Date:  2013-07-19       Impact factor: 5.923

4.  [Construction and expression of nm23-H1 gene with different enzyme activities and resistant specific shRNA in eukaryotic expression vector].

Authors:  Zhansheng Lu; Lili Guo; Lin Li; Zhihao Wu; Qinghua Zhou
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2014-03

5.  [Screening and establishment of human lung cancer cell lines with organ-specific metastasis potential].

Authors:  Qinghua Zhou; Lingling Zu; Lu Li; Xiaohe Chen; Xiaofeng Chen; Yang Li; Hongyu Liu; Zhilin Sun
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2014-03
  5 in total

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