BACKGROUND: Changes in clinical profiles, microbial succession, and immune mediator fluctuations have all been separately examined during onset and resolution of experimental gingivitis in smokers. However, because both the bacterial challenge and the host response contribute to periodontal disease, the purpose of this investigation is to simultaneously examine clinical, bacterial, and immune changes that occur during the onset and resolution of disease in smokers. METHODS: Experimental gingivitis was induced in 15 smokers for 21 days, followed by treatment with a sonic toothbrush for 21 days. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at baseline; after 7, 14, and 21 days of undisturbed plaque formation; and 21 days after reinstitution of brushing. 16S cloning and sequencing was used for bacterial quantification, and multiplexed bead-based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators. RESULTS: Onset of clinical gingivitis was preceded by significant changes in the marginal and subgingival biofilms, with a decrease in the abundance of early colonizers, namely, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Pseudomonas, and an increase in levels of periodontopathogens, such as Treponema, Selenomonas, Parvimonas, Dialister, and Campylobacter. This was accompanied by a decrease in anti-inflammatory, chemokine, and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses and altered Th1/Th2 ratios. Although the bacterial communities continued to shift in the same direction after onset of clinical gingivitis and returned to baseline levels after resolution of disease, the anti-inflammatory, chemokine, and Th2 profiles demonstrated an increase from day 14 that continued even after clinical health was evident. CONCLUSION: Both marginal and subgingival biofilms in smokers are characterized by early acquisition of pathogenic organisms, which elicit a sustained host response that persists even after removal of the bacterial challenge.
BACKGROUND: Changes in clinical profiles, microbial succession, and immune mediator fluctuations have all been separately examined during onset and resolution of experimental gingivitis in smokers. However, because both the bacterial challenge and the host response contribute to periodontal disease, the purpose of this investigation is to simultaneously examine clinical, bacterial, and immune changes that occur during the onset and resolution of disease in smokers. METHODS: Experimental gingivitis was induced in 15 smokers for 21 days, followed by treatment with a sonic toothbrush for 21 days. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at baseline; after 7, 14, and 21 days of undisturbed plaque formation; and 21 days after reinstitution of brushing. 16S cloning and sequencing was used for bacterial quantification, and multiplexed bead-based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators. RESULTS: Onset of clinical gingivitis was preceded by significant changes in the marginal and subgingival biofilms, with a decrease in the abundance of early colonizers, namely, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Pseudomonas, and an increase in levels of periodontopathogens, such as Treponema, Selenomonas, Parvimonas, Dialister, and Campylobacter. This was accompanied by a decrease in anti-inflammatory, chemokine, and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses and altered Th1/Th2 ratios. Although the bacterial communities continued to shift in the same direction after onset of clinical gingivitis and returned to baseline levels after resolution of disease, the anti-inflammatory, chemokine, and Th2 profiles demonstrated an increase from day 14 that continued even after clinical health was evident. CONCLUSION: Both marginal and subgingival biofilms in smokers are characterized by early acquisition of pathogenic organisms, which elicit a sustained host response that persists even after removal of the bacterial challenge.
Authors: Irene Yang; Henry Claussen; Robert Adam Arthur; Vicki Stover Hertzberg; Nicolaas Geurs; Elizabeth J Corwin; Anne L Dunlop Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol Date: 2022-05-11 Impact factor: 6.073
Authors: Samir A Shah; Sukirth M Ganesan; Saradhadevi Varadharaj; Shareef M Dabdoub; John D Walters; Purnima S Kumar Journal: NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes Date: 2017-10-24 Impact factor: 7.290
Authors: Steven W H Rademacher; Egija Zaura; Cornelis J Kleverlaan; Mark J Buijs; Wim Crielaard; Bruno G Loos; Marja L Laine Journal: J Periodontal Res Date: 2019-02-08 Impact factor: 4.419
Authors: Egija Zaura; Vincent Y Pappalardo; Mark J Buijs; Catherine M C Volgenant; Bernd W Brandt Journal: Periodontol 2000 Date: 2020-11-23 Impact factor: 7.589
Authors: Hyuk Yoon; Dong Ho Lee; Je Hee Lee; Ji Eun Kwon; Cheol Min Shin; Seung-Jo Yang; Seung-Hwan Park; Ju Huck Lee; Se Won Kang; Jung-Sook Lee; Byung-Yong Kim Journal: Gut Liver Date: 2021-03-15 Impact factor: 4.519