A review of image-guided spinal surgery.

Image-guided spinal surgery has evolved rapidly in recent years. This review highlights the advances in image-guided spinal surgery during this evolution. The current literature regarding image-guided spinal surgery will be discussed. In addition, several aspects of image-guided spinal surgery will be focused on, including its learning curve and influence on operating room time, as well as its effect on surgeon radiation exposure. The accuracy of instrumentation placement with this technology and current applications will also be addressed.