Post-vitreoretinal surgery strabismus-a review.

Vitreoretinal surgery has long been recognized as a significant cause of secondary strabismus. These cases can be difficult to manage due to the previous surgery and the altered status of the visual function. External scleral buckling procedures are most commonly associated with its development; however recent research shows that pars plana vitrectomy procedures also have a risk of causing the condition. Many factors may play a role in the development of the strabismus: mechanical, extraocular muscle changes, local anesthetic administration, and sensory alteration. Treatment options include occlusion, prisms, botulinum toxin, and surgery. Vitreoretinal surgeons should be aware of the distinct of strabismus development following surgery. With increased recognition, the condition can be managed more effectively.