Fractionation of phosphorus biowastes: characterisation and environmental risk.

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer is essential for food production and is a limiting factor in crop yields. However, the role of P in the eutrophication of surface water has long been recognised. During recent years, the input of P from agriculture to surface waters has increased and has been the focus for strategies aimed at mitigating diffuse P losses. As not all forms of P have the same availability, it is important to know the main forms of phosphorus in biowastes, and hence to develop fractionation schemes. The standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) procedure for phosphorus fractionation in freshwater sediments, developed within the framework of the Standards, Measurements, and Testing Program of the European Commission, was applied to 15 biowastes used frequently in agriculture, to obtain total P, inorganic and organic P, apatite P, and non-apatite inorganic P. The Hedley method was applied to determine the water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) in all the biowastes. In addition, the aluminium, calcium, and iron concentrations were quantified and related to the WSP. The results confirm the applicability of the SMT protocol to all kinds of waste usually applied in agriculture. The SMT protocol revealed the existence of large amounts of inorganic P and non-apatite inorganic P, the most-available forms of P for all the biowastes. The comparison of the data for total P (SMT protocol) and WSP (Huang protocol) does not show a good linear relationship between these parameters. Instead, the relationship between [aluminium+calcium+iron] and WSP is a better indication of the availability of P.