Temperature-dependent development and reproductive traits of Tetranychus macfarlanei (Acari: Tetranychidae).

Development and reproductive traits of Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) were investigated on kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., at eleven constant temperatures. Tetranychus macfarlanei was able to develop and complete its life cycle at temperatures ranging from 17.5 to 37.5°C. At 15 and 40°C, a few eggs (2-4%) hatched but further development was arrested. Development from egg to adult was slowest at 17.5°C and fastest at 35°C for both females and males. Using Ikemoto and Takai's linear model, the estimated lower developmental thresholds for egg-to-female adult, egg-to-male adult and egg-to-egg development were 12.9-13.0°C. The thermal constants for the respective stages were 110.85, 115.99 and 125.32 degree-days (DD). The intrinsic optimum temperatures (T (Φ)) calculated by non-linear SSI model were determined as 24.4, 24.4 and 24.2°C for egg-to-female adult, egg-to-male adult and egg-to-egg development, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R (0)) was highest at 25°C (167.4 females per female) and lowest at 17.5°C (42.6 females per female). The intrinsic rate of natural increase, r (m), increased linearly with the rising of temperature from 0.102 at 17.5°C to 0.441 day(-1) at 35°C. These values suggested that T. macfarlanei could be growing quickly in response to increasing temperatures from 17.5 to 35°C and provide a basis for predicting its potential geographical range.