Chromosome analysis of 82 species of Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera), with special focus on NOR localization.

The aim of this study was the identification of the ancestral location of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) in the Scarabaeoidea superfamily, and its evolutive trends in the karyotypes. For this purpose, the mitotic and meiotic chromosomes at pachynema of 82 species belonging to 4 families and 8 subfamilies, including 49 species without any published data, were examined after Giemsa staining, C-banding and NOR staining. It could be perceived that most karyotypes are composed of 18 nonacrocentric autosomes, an acrocentric X and a punctiform Y. NORs are frequently located on the X independent of its morphology. In contrast, autosomal NORs are frequently on the rare acrocentric short arms. Thus, it could be shown that the ancestral karyotype was very probably composed of 18 metacentric/submetacentric autosomes, an NOR carrier acrocentric X and a punctiform Y. The NOR translocation on autosomes parallels the passage to their acrocentric morphology. It is proposed that the frequent location of the NOR on the X of beetles, and possibly other insects, is made possible by their mode of dosage compensation of the X chromosome, consisting in the overexpression of the unique X of the males.