Therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer: 2011 update.

Up to 40% of male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer develop metastatic disease that generally responds to initial chemical or surgical castration, but this eventually progresses despite castrate levels of testosterone, termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A large phase 3 trial of abiraterone acetate in patients who have progressed following docetaxel based chemotherapy were published in 2011 and dramatically proved that CRPC is still androgen-dependant and responds to CYP17 inhibition. Overall survival benefits were also reported for a novel tubulin-binding drug, cabazitaxel, tested as second-line chemotherapy after docetaxel failure; for sipuleucel-T, an autologous dendritic cell therapy, in chemotherapy-naive patients; for MDV3100, a novel antiandrogen, and for radium-223, which is a bone-seeking α-irradiation-emitting radioisotope. Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody against receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand, was shown to be superior to zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events in prostate cancer patients with metastatic bone disease. This review will focus on the recent developments in the field of CRPC.