PURPOSE: Indirect costs of mental disorders are considerable and include loss of work productivity. We aimed to study the association between personal annual earnings and common mental disorders in Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population study of a representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults from Spain was performed (ESEMeD-Spain). CIDI 3.0 was administered to assess DSM IV mental disorders, and the Sheehan Disability Scales were used for severity appraisal. Four categories of mental disorders were defined: 12-month serious, 12-month moderate, 12-month mild, and lifetime. Personal annual earnings were assessed. Three models were fitted to estimate differences in annual earnings associated with mental disorders, controlling for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of 12-month mental disorders were: mild 4.6%, moderate 3.8%, and serious 1.6%. Respondents with 12-month serious mental disorder (SMD) were less likely to report any earnings compared to those with no mental disorders (OR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.07-0.34, p < 0.001). The earnings gap associated with SMD at the individual level was <euro> 3,935, about 55% less than individuals with no mental disorders. Taking prevalence into account, the societal impact of SMD in Spain was estimated at <euro> 1.40 million annually. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Spain that describes the earnings gap between individuals with and without mental disorders. Despite the low prevalence of SMD, they represent considerable societal-level productivity loss. Prevention and treatment of SMD should improve work productivity.
PURPOSE: Indirect costs of mental disorders are considerable and include loss of work productivity. We aimed to study the association between personal annual earnings and common mental disorders in Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population study of a representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults from Spain was performed (ESEMeD-Spain). CIDI 3.0 was administered to assess DSM IV mental disorders, and the Sheehan Disability Scales were used for severity appraisal. Four categories of mental disorders were defined: 12-month serious, 12-month moderate, 12-month mild, and lifetime. Personal annual earnings were assessed. Three models were fitted to estimate differences in annual earnings associated with mental disorders, controlling for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of 12-month mental disorders were: mild 4.6%, moderate 3.8%, and serious 1.6%. Respondents with 12-month serious mental disorder (SMD) were less likely to report any earnings compared to those with no mental disorders (OR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.07-0.34, p < 0.001). The earnings gap associated with SMD at the individual level was <euro> 3,935, about 55% less than individuals with no mental disorders. Taking prevalence into account, the societal impact of SMD in Spain was estimated at <euro> 1.40 million annually. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Spain that describes the earnings gap between individuals with and without mental disorders. Despite the low prevalence of SMD, they represent considerable societal-level productivity loss. Prevention and treatment of SMD should improve work productivity.
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Authors: J Alonso; M Petukhova; G Vilagut; S Chatterji; S Heeringa; T B Üstün; A O Alhamzawi; M C Viana; M Angermeyer; E Bromet; R Bruffaerts; G de Girolamo; S Florescu; O Gureje; J M Haro; H Hinkov; C-y Hu; E G Karam; V Kovess; D Levinson; M E Medina-Mora; Y Nakamura; J Ormel; J Posada-Villa; R Sagar; K M Scott; A Tsang; D R Williams; R C Kessler Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2010-10-12 Impact factor: 15.992