Current state-of-art of sequencing technologies for plant genomics research.

A number of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies such as Roche/454, Illumina and AB SOLiD have recently become available. These technologies are capable of generating hundreds of thousands or tens of millions of short DNA sequence reads at a relatively low cost. These NGS technologies, now referred as second-generation sequencing (SGS) technologies, are being utilized for de novo sequencing, genome re-sequencing, and whole genome and transcriptome analysis. Now, new generation of sequencers, based on the 'next-next' or third-generation sequencing (TGS) technologies like the Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT™) Sequencer, Heliscope™ Single Molecule Sequencer, and the Ion Personal Genome Machine™ are becoming available that are capable of generating longer sequence reads in a shorter time and at even lower costs per instrument run. Ever declining sequencing costs and increased data output and sample throughput for NGS and TGS sequencing technologies enable the plant genomics and breeding community to undertake genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Data analysis, storage and management of large-scale second or TGS projects, however, are essential. This article provides an overview of different sequencing technologies with an emphasis on forthcoming TGS technologies and bioinformatics tools required for the latest evolution of DNA sequencing platforms.