BACKGROUND: Toddlers learning to walk adopt specific 'guard' arm postures to maintain their balance during forward progression. In Cerebral Palsy (CP), the cause of the altered arm postures during walking has not been studied. AIM: To investigate whether the altered arm posture in children with CP is a compensation for instability during walking. METHODS: Vertical and horizontal hand position, and upper arm elevation angle in the sagittal plane were determined in eleven children with unilateral CP, fifteen children with bilateral CP using 3D gait analysis and compared to twenty-four TD children. A correlation analysis of these measures of arm posture to step width was made to examine the relationship between arm posture and instability. RESULTS: The hand position of children with CP was more elevated and anterior, and their upper arm was rotated more posterior than TD children. Children with unilateral CP held their most affected hand higher than their least affected. Increasing the speed accentuated the differences between groups for hand elevation. Step width correlated positively with horizontal hand position of the least affected arm in children with CP. CONCLUSION: Children with CP appear to rely on 'guard' arm postures as a compensation strategy to maintain balance while walking comparable to newly walking toddlers. Importantly, this pattern is seen on the least affected side. The substantially altered arm posture on the most affected side in children with unilateral CP, however, suggests that spasticity and associated movements are also important contributing factors.
BACKGROUND: Toddlers learning to walk adopt specific 'guard' arm postures to maintain their balance during forward progression. In Cerebral Palsy (CP), the cause of the altered arm postures during walking has not been studied. AIM: To investigate whether the altered arm posture in children with CP is a compensation for instability during walking. METHODS: Vertical and horizontal hand position, and upper arm elevation angle in the sagittal plane were determined in eleven children with unilateral CP, fifteen children with bilateral CP using 3D gait analysis and compared to twenty-four TD children. A correlation analysis of these measures of arm posture to step width was made to examine the relationship between arm posture and instability. RESULTS: The hand position of children with CP was more elevated and anterior, and their upper arm was rotated more posterior than TD children. Children with unilateral CP held their most affected hand higher than their least affected. Increasing the speed accentuated the differences between groups for hand elevation. Step width correlated positively with horizontal hand position of the least affected arm in children with CP. CONCLUSION:Children with CP appear to rely on 'guard' arm postures as a compensation strategy to maintain balance while walking comparable to newly walking toddlers. Importantly, this pattern is seen on the least affected side. The substantially altered arm posture on the most affected side in children with unilateral CP, however, suggests that spasticity and associated movements are also important contributing factors.
Authors: Stefanos Tsitlakidis; Nicholas A Beckmann; Sebastian I Wolf; Sébastien Hagmann; Tobias Renkawitz; Marco Götze Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2022-05-02 Impact factor: 4.964
Authors: Germana Cappellini; Yury P Ivanenko; Giovanni Martino; Michael J MacLellan; Annalisa Sacco; Daniela Morelli; Francesco Lacquaniti Journal: Front Physiol Date: 2016-10-25 Impact factor: 4.566
Authors: Annike Bekius; Coen S Zandvoort; Jennifer N Kerkman; Laura A van de Pol; R Jeroen Vermeulen; Jaap Harlaar; Andreas Daffertshofer; Annemieke I Buizer; Nadia Dominici Journal: Sensors (Basel) Date: 2021-04-12 Impact factor: 3.576
Authors: Annike Bekius; Margit M Bach; Laura A van de Pol; Jaap Harlaar; Andreas Daffertshofer; Nadia Dominici; Annemieke I Buizer Journal: Front Hum Neurosci Date: 2021-06-03 Impact factor: 3.169