The role of serum uric acid in cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: a narrative review.

The role of serum uric acid (UA) as a marker or risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still controversial. The strong association of serum UA with established risk factors such as hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease makes it difficult to establish a direct causal role of serum UA in the development and progression of CVD. The main aims of this review are: 1) to briefly summarize the most relevant studies concerning the association of serum UA with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, CVD events, and death both in patients without diabetes and in those with Type 2 diabetes; and 2) to briefly discuss the putative underlying mechanisms that link serum UA to adverse CVD outcomes. A search was conducted to identify relevant studies in the major electronic databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE, from January 1990 to December 2010) using Medical Subjects Headings and keywords. Collectively, by reviewing the published data in the literature, it emerges that serum UA may exert a number of potentially adverse cardiovascular effects. Nevertheless, the prognostic role of elevated serum UA level as a causal risk factor of adverse CVD outcomes remains still controversial, especially in patients with Type 2 diabetes. At this time, the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia for the primary prevention of CVD is not recommended.